Statistical methods 2.0

Question 1

validity

Answer 1

how well a test actually measures what it was created to measure

Question 2

reliability

Answer 2

getting the same result over and over

Question 3

sample

Answer 3

the subset of the population chosen by the investigator for study

Question 4

population

Answer 4

the entire group about which the investigator wants to draw conclusions

Question 5

representative sampling

Answer 5

Age, socio economic status, ethnic orgin s

Question 6

random sampling

Answer 6

gives every member of the population an equal chance of being selected

Question 7

stratified sample

Answer 7

divides population into groups and select a sample from each group

Question 8

confounding variables

Answer 8

conditions a researcher wishes to prevent form affecting the outcome of the experiment

Question 9

random assignment

Answer 9

chance of being a member of either the experimental the control group is equal

Question 10

control

Answer 10

a person’s ability or perception of their ability to affect themselves, others, their conditions, their environment or some other circumstance.

Question 11

group matching

Answer 11

a statistical technique that is used to evaluate the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing the treated

Question 12

experimenter bias

Answer 12

occurs when the experimenter’s expectations influence the outcome of the research

Question 13

double-blind

Answer 13

an experimental design in which neither the experimenter nor the participants are in the experimental

Question 14

single-blind

Answer 14

A type of clinical trial in which only the researcher doing the study knows which treatment or intervention the participant is receiving until the trial is over.

Question 15

Hawthorne effect

Answer 15

the alteration of behavior by the subject of a study due to their awareness of being observed

Question 16

placebo effect

Answer 16

occurs when participants expectations rather than the experimental treatment produce an outcome

Question 17

frequency distributions

Answer 17

68% 95% 99%

Question 18

measures of central tendency

Answer 18

a single number that indicates the overall characteristic of a set of data

Question 19

outliers

Answer 19

an extreme observation or measurement, that is, a score that significantly differs from all others obtained

Question 20

left skew

Answer 20

Data that is negatively skewed have a long tail that extends to the left

Question 21

right skew

Answer 21

the mean will be greater than the median

Question 22

measure of variability

Answer 22

standard deviation measures how much scores vary on average around the mean of the sample range the distance between the highest and lowest

Question 23

z scores

Answer 23

standarized score

Question 24

normal curve

Answer 24

A frequency curve where most occurrences take place in the middle of the distribution and taper off on either side.

Question 25

hindsight bias

Answer 25

a psychological phenomenon in which one becomes convinced they accurately predicted an event before it occurred.

Question 26

sampling error

Answer 26

the predictable margin of error that occurs in studies of samples of cases or observations from a larger population

Question 27

p value

Answer 27

a smaller p value the more significant the result

Question 28

statistical significance

Answer 28

the result are not significant bc my finding are not due to chance

Question 29

(IRB)

Answer 29

institutional review board

Question 30

coercion

Answer 30

the process of attempting to influence another person through the use of threats, punishment, force, direct pressure, and other negative forms of power.

Question 31

informed consent

Answer 31

being able to stop the experiment

Question 32

anonymity

Answer 32

there is no way for anyone (including the researcher) to personally identify participants in the study

Question 33

confidentiality

Answer 33

a principle of professional ethics requiring providers of mental health care or medical care to limit the disclosure of a patient's identity, his or her condition or treatment, and any data entrusted to professionals during assessment, diagnosis, and treatment.

Question 34

debriefing

Answer 34

a set of procedures including counselling and the giving of information aimed at preventing psychological morbidity and aiding recovery after a traumatic event.