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Ap psychology > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

1
Q

wilhem wundt

A

wundt structuralism

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2
Q

william james

A

james functionalism

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3
Q

biological approach

A

focuses on the body especially the brain and nervous system

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4
Q

neruscience

A

the scientific study of the structure function development genetics and biochemistry of the nervous system

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5
Q

behavioral approach

A

emphasize the scientific study of observable behavioral responses and their environmental determinants

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6
Q

psychodynamic approach

A

emphsizes unconscious thought and the conflict between biological drives and societys demands

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7
Q

psychoanalysis

A

unlocking a persons unconscious conflicts by talking wih t he individual about childhoodmemories dreams thought feelings

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8
Q

humanistic approach

A

emphasizes a person s positive qualities positive growth and freedom of choice

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9
Q

cognitive approach

A

emphasizes the mental processes involved in knowing

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10
Q

evolutionary approach

A

uses evolutionary ideas such such as adaption reprofucton and natural selection

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11
Q

sociocultural approach

A

examines the ways in which social and acultural envioraments influence behaviors

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12
Q

descriptive research

A

research that determines the basic dimensions of a phenomenon defining what it is how often it occurs

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13
Q

correlational research

A

research that exmanies the realationships between variable

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14
Q

correlational coefficients

A

the degree of realationship between two variables expressed in numerical value

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15
Q

longitudianl designs

A

a special kind of systematic observation used by correlational researchers that involves obtaining measures of the variable of intrests in multiple waves over time

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16
Q

random assignment

A

research’s assign participants to groups by chance

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17
Q

independent variable

A

is a manipulated experimental factor

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18
Q

dependent variables

A

the variable tha might change as a result of manipulations of the independent variable

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19
Q

experiment group

A

consists of the participants in an experiment who receive sa y the drug or other treatment understudy

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20
Q

control group

A

are as much like experimental group as possible

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21
Q

third variable problem

A

other variable that have not been measured account for the relationships between two other

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22
Q

validity

A

refers to the soundness of the conclusions that a resercher draws from an exoeriment

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23
Q

experimenter bias

A

occurs when the experimenter expectations influence the putcome of the research

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24
Q

demand characteritisc

A

anyaspects of a study that communicate to the participants how the experimenter wants them to behave

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25
research participant bias
occurs when the behavior of research participants how the experiment is influenced by how they think they are supposed to behave or their expectations about what is happening to them
26
placebo effect
occurs when participants expectorations rather than the experimental treatment produces an outcome
27
double blind experiment
an experimental design in which neither the experimenter nor the participants are aware of which participants are in the experimental group and which are in the control group the results are calculated
28
afferent nerves (sensory nerves )
carry information about the external environment to the brain and spinal cord via sensory receptors
29
efferent nerves (motor nerves)
carry information out ofthe brain and spinal cord to other area of the b=ody
30
central nervous system
made up of the brain and spinal cord
31
peripheral nervous system
is the networks of nerves that connects the brain and spinal cord top other parts of the body
32
somatic nervious system
consists of sensory nerves whose function is to convey inforamtion from the skin and muscles to the cns
33
autonomic nervous system
takes messages to and from the body internal organs monitoring such processes as breathing heart rate and digestion
34
sympathetic nervous system
arouses the body internal organ s monitoring such processes as breathing heart rate and digestion
34
parasympathetic nervous system
calms the body
35
glial cells
provides support nutritional benefits and others functions in the nervous system
36
cell body
contains the nucleus whihch directs the manufacture if substances that the neuron needs for cell growth and maintenance
37
dendrites
treelike fibers projecting from a neuron which receives information and orient it toward neuron cell body
38
axon
part of neuron that carries information away from the cell body toward other cells
39
resting potential
in an active neuron the voltage between the inside and outside of the axon wall
40
action potential
the brieg wave pf positive electrical charge that sweeps down the axon
41
all or nothing potential
principle once the electrical impulse reaches a certain level on intensity called its threshold it fires and moves al the way down the axon without losing any of its intensity
42
synapses
tiny spaces between neurons and the gap between neurons tat the synapses create is referred as the synaptic gap
43
mylein sheath
a layer of fat cells that encases and insulates most axons
44
cerebellum
extends from the rear of the hind brain
45
reticular formation
is a diffuse collection of neurons involved in stereotyped patterns of behavior such as walking sleeping and attention to noise
46
thalamus
a forebrain structure that sists at the top of the brain stem in the centeral core of the bain
47
hypothalamus
a small forebrain structure located just below the thalamus that monitors three pleasurable activities
48
occipital lobes
structures located at the back of the head that respond to visual simuli
49
temporal lobes
Strucures in the cerebral cortex that are located just above the ears and are involved in hearing language processing and memory
50
frontal lobes
portion of the cerebral cortex behind the forehead involved in personality intelligence and control of voluntary
51
parietal lobes
strucutres at the top and toward the rear of the head that are involved in registering spatial location attention and motor control
52
corpus collosum
the large bndle of axons that connects the brains two hemispheres relaying information to both sides of the brain
53
sensation
is the process of receiving stimuli from the external environment
54
perception
Is the process of organizing and interperting sensory information
55
absolute threshold
minimum amount of stimulus energy that a person can detect
56
difference threshold
the degree of difference that must exist between two stimuli before it is detected
57
webers law
two simuli must differ by a a constant proportion to be periceived as diffrenet
58
signal detection theory
focuses on decision-making about stimuli under conditions of uncertainty
59
selective attention
focusing on a specific aspect of expeerince while ignoring others
60
Stroop effect
refers to the way that automatically reading a color name can make it difficult to make the color in which the word is printed
60
Stroop effect
refers to the way that automatically reading a color name can make it difficult to make the color in which the word is printed
60
Stroop effect
refers to the way that automatically reading a color name can make it difficult to make the color in which the word is printed
61
shiftable attention
the ability to have your attention shift from one sensory perception to another
62
inattentional blindness
refers to the failure to detect unexpected events when out attention is engaged by a task
63
perceptual set
predisposition or readiness to perceive something in a particular wat
64
sensory adaptation
a change in the responsiveness of the sensory system based on the surronfing stimulation
65
after images
sensations that remains after stimulus is removed
66
opponent process theory
states the cells in the visual system repond to red green and blue yellow colors
67
figure ground
realationship is the principle by which we organize the perceptual feild into stimuli that stand our and those that are left over
68
binocular cues
depth cues that depend on the combination of the images in the left and righteyes
69
monocular cues
powerful depth cues available from the imagine in one eyes
70
behavioraism
focuses on observable behavior
71
associative learning
Occurs when we make a connection between two events
72
classical conditioning
organisms learn the association between two stimuli
73
operant conditioing
organism learn the association between a behavior and a consequence
74
observational learning
learning that takes plave when a person observes and imitates another behavior
75
unconditioned stimulus
a stimulus that produces a response without prior learning
76
conditioned stimulus
a previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus
77
conditioned response
is a learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after cs
78
unconditioned response
is an unlearned reaction that is automatically elicited by te UCS
79
Acquisition
the initial learning of the connection between the UCS and CS when these two stimuli are paired
80
generlization
the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditionned response
81
discrimination
the process of learning to respod to retain stimuli and not others
82
extinction
weak eing of the conditioned response when uncoditioned stimulus is absent
83
spontaneous recovery
the process by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay
84
renewal
refers to the recovery of the conditioned response when the organism is placed in a novel context
85
operant conditioning
a form of associative learning in which the consequences of behavior change the probability of occurrence
86
law of effect
behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened and the behaviors change the probability of occurrence
87
skinners pigeon
guided missile
88
shaping
refers to rewarding approximations of a desired behavior
89
fixed raio
rein forces a behavior after a set number of behaviors
90
variable ratio
timetable in which behaviors are rewarded an average number of times
91
Fixed interval
reinforces the first behavior after a fixed amount of time has passed
92
variable interval
a time table in which a behavior is reinforced after a variable amount of tiem has elapsed
93
modeling
learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates behavior
94
latent learning
in unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior
95
insight learning
form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into or understanding of a problems solution

Ap psychology (9 decks)

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