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Ap psychology > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

wilhem wundt

A

wundt structuralism

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2
Q

william james

A

james functionalism

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3
Q

biological approach

A

focuses on the body especially the brain and nervous system

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4
Q

neruscience

A

the scientific study of the structure function development genetics and biochemistry of the nervous system

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5
Q

behavioral approach

A

emphasize the scientific study of observable behavioral responses and their environmental determinants

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6
Q

psychodynamic approach

A

emphsizes unconscious thought and the conflict between biological drives and societys demands

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7
Q

psychoanalysis

A

unlocking a persons unconscious conflicts by talking wih t he individual about childhoodmemories dreams thought feelings

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8
Q

humanistic approach

A

emphasizes a person s positive qualities positive growth and freedom of choice

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9
Q

cognitive approach

A

emphasizes the mental processes involved in knowing

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10
Q

evolutionary approach

A

uses evolutionary ideas such such as adaption reprofucton and natural selection

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11
Q

sociocultural approach

A

examines the ways in which social and acultural envioraments influence behaviors

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12
Q

descriptive research

A

research that determines the basic dimensions of a phenomenon defining what it is how often it occurs

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13
Q

correlational research

A

research that exmanies the realationships between variable

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14
Q

correlational coefficients

A

the degree of realationship between two variables expressed in numerical value

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15
Q

longitudianl designs

A

a special kind of systematic observation used by correlational researchers that involves obtaining measures of the variable of intrests in multiple waves over time

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16
Q

random assignment

A

research’s assign participants to groups by chance

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17
Q

independent variable

A

is a manipulated experimental factor

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18
Q

dependent variables

A

the variable tha might change as a result of manipulations of the independent variable

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19
Q

experiment group

A

consists of the participants in an experiment who receive sa y the drug or other treatment understudy

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20
Q

control group

A

are as much like experimental group as possible

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21
Q

third variable problem

A

other variable that have not been measured account for the relationships between two other

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22
Q

validity

A

refers to the soundness of the conclusions that a resercher draws from an exoeriment

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23
Q

experimenter bias

A

occurs when the experimenter expectations influence the putcome of the research

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24
Q

demand characteritisc

A

anyaspects of a study that communicate to the participants how the experimenter wants them to behave

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25
Q

research participant bias

A

occurs when the behavior of research participants how the experiment is influenced by how they think they are supposed to behave or their expectations about what is happening to them

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26
Q

placebo effect

A

occurs when participants expectorations rather than the experimental treatment produces an outcome

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27
Q

double blind experiment

A

an experimental design in which neither the experimenter nor the participants are aware of which participants are in the experimental group and which are in the control group the results are calculated

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28
Q

afferent nerves (sensory nerves )

A

carry information about the external environment to the brain and spinal cord via sensory receptors

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29
Q

efferent nerves (motor nerves)

A

carry information out ofthe brain and spinal cord to other area of the b=ody

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30
Q

central nervous system

A

made up of the brain and spinal cord

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31
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

is the networks of nerves that connects the brain and spinal cord top other parts of the body

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32
Q

somatic nervious system

A

consists of sensory nerves whose function is to convey inforamtion from the skin and muscles to the cns

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33
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

takes messages to and from the body internal organs monitoring such processes as breathing heart rate and digestion

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34
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

arouses the body internal organ s monitoring such processes as breathing heart rate and digestion

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34
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

calms the body

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35
Q

glial cells

A

provides support nutritional benefits and others functions in the nervous system

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36
Q

cell body

A

contains the nucleus whihch directs the manufacture if substances that the neuron needs for cell growth and maintenance

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37
Q

dendrites

A

treelike fibers projecting from a neuron which receives information and orient it toward neuron cell body

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38
Q

axon

A

part of neuron that carries information away from the cell body toward other cells

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39
Q

resting potential

A

in an active neuron the voltage between the inside and outside of the axon wall

40
Q

action potential

A

the brieg wave pf positive electrical charge that sweeps down the axon

41
Q

all or nothing potential

A

principle once the electrical impulse reaches a certain level on intensity called its threshold it fires and moves al the way down the axon without losing any of its intensity

42
Q

synapses

A

tiny spaces between neurons and the gap between neurons tat the synapses create is referred as the synaptic gap

43
Q

mylein sheath

A

a layer of fat cells that encases and insulates most axons

44
Q

cerebellum

A

extends from the rear of the hind brain

45
Q

reticular formation

A

is a diffuse collection of neurons involved in stereotyped patterns of behavior such as walking sleeping and attention to noise

46
Q

thalamus

A

a forebrain structure that sists at the top of the brain stem in the centeral core of the bain

47
Q

hypothalamus

A

a small forebrain structure located just below the thalamus that monitors three pleasurable activities

48
Q

occipital lobes

A

structures located at the back of the head that respond to visual simuli

49
Q

temporal lobes

A

Strucures in the cerebral cortex that are located just above the ears and are involved in hearing language processing and memory

50
Q

frontal lobes

A

portion of the cerebral cortex behind the forehead involved in personality intelligence and control of voluntary

51
Q

parietal lobes

A

strucutres at the top and toward the rear of the head that are involved in registering spatial location attention and motor control

52
Q

corpus collosum

A

the large bndle of axons that connects the brains two hemispheres relaying information to both sides of the brain

53
Q

sensation

A

is the process of receiving stimuli from the external environment

54
Q

perception

A

Is the process of organizing and interperting sensory information

55
Q

absolute threshold

A

minimum amount of stimulus energy that a person can detect

56
Q

difference threshold

A

the degree of difference that must exist between two stimuli before it is detected

57
Q

webers law

A

two simuli must differ by a a constant proportion to be periceived as diffrenet

58
Q

signal detection theory

A

focuses on decision-making about stimuli under conditions of uncertainty

59
Q

selective attention

A

focusing on a specific aspect of expeerince while ignoring others

60
Q

Stroop effect

A

refers to the way that automatically reading a color name can make it difficult to make the color in which the word is printed

60
Q

Stroop effect

A

refers to the way that automatically reading a color name can make it difficult to make the color in which the word is printed

60
Q

Stroop effect

A

refers to the way that automatically reading a color name can make it difficult to make the color in which the word is printed

61
Q

shiftable attention

A

the ability to have your attention shift from one sensory perception to another

62
Q

inattentional blindness

A

refers to the failure to detect unexpected events when out attention is engaged by a task

63
Q

perceptual set

A

predisposition or readiness to perceive something in a particular wat

64
Q

sensory adaptation

A

a change in the responsiveness of the sensory system based on the surronfing stimulation

65
Q

after images

A

sensations that remains after stimulus is removed

66
Q

opponent process theory

A

states the cells in the visual system repond to red green and blue yellow colors

67
Q

figure ground

A

realationship is the principle by which we organize the perceptual feild into stimuli that stand our and those that are left over

68
Q

binocular cues

A

depth cues that depend on the combination of the images in the left and righteyes

69
Q

monocular cues

A

powerful depth cues available from the imagine in one eyes

70
Q

behavioraism

A

focuses on observable behavior

71
Q

associative learning

A

Occurs when we make a connection between two events

72
Q

classical conditioning

A

organisms learn the association between two stimuli

73
Q

operant conditioing

A

organism learn the association between a behavior and a consequence

74
Q

observational learning

A

learning that takes plave when a person observes and imitates another behavior

75
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

a stimulus that produces a response without prior learning

76
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

a previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus

77
Q

conditioned response

A

is a learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after cs

78
Q

unconditioned response

A

is an unlearned reaction that is automatically elicited by te UCS

79
Q

Acquisition

A

the initial learning of the connection between the UCS and CS when these two stimuli are paired

80
Q

generlization

A

the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditionned response

81
Q

discrimination

A

the process of learning to respod to retain stimuli and not others

82
Q

extinction

A

weak eing of the conditioned response when uncoditioned stimulus is absent

83
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

the process by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay

84
Q

renewal

A

refers to the recovery of the conditioned response when the organism is placed in a novel context

85
Q

operant conditioning

A

a form of associative learning in which the consequences of behavior change the probability of occurrence

86
Q

law of effect

A

behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened and the behaviors change the probability of occurrence

87
Q

skinners pigeon

A

guided missile

88
Q

shaping

A

refers to rewarding approximations of a desired behavior

89
Q

fixed raio

A

rein forces a behavior after a set number of behaviors

90
Q

variable ratio

A

timetable in which behaviors are rewarded an average number of times

91
Q

Fixed interval

A

reinforces the first behavior after a fixed amount of time has passed

92
Q

variable interval

A

a time table in which a behavior is reinforced after a variable amount of tiem has elapsed

93
Q

modeling

A

learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates behavior

94
Q

latent learning

A

in unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior

95
Q

insight learning

A

form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into or understanding of a problems solution

Ap psychology (9 decks)

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