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Psychology > States of Consciousness > Flashcards

States of Consciousness Flashcards

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1
Q

Selective Attention

A

> conscious awareness process
small part of all we experience
ex. Blink = brain ignores momentary blackout

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2
Q

Change Blindness

A

> oblivious to large differences in surroundings

>ex. 2/3 failed to notice change in person talking to

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3
Q

Dichotic Listening

A

> hear two diff messages (L&R ear) simultaneously

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4
Q

Shadowing Task

A

> say word for word message in primary ear
ensures paying attention
demanding job

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5
Q

Cherry’s Experiment

A

> volunteers given surprise memory test about secondary message
no recall

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6
Q

Moray’s Experiment

A

> short secondary message repeated 35 times
forgot content (did not realize change in language)
auditory properties remembered (tone/pitch)

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7
Q

Broadbent’s Filter Theory

A

> serial processing

>individual controls filter

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8
Q

Serial Processing

A

> only focus on one task

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9
Q

Treisman Experiment

Summary

A

> recorded arousal to shock/names read

>proves secondary message being attended to in some way

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10
Q

Treisman Experiment

Part I

A

> training phase
pair city names w/shock
record Galvanic Skin Response (like polygraph)
city names alone increased GSR

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11
Q

Treisman Experiment

Part II

A

> shadowing task, secondary message says city names
GSR recorded w/no electric shock
city name in unattended ear = GSR increase
no recall city names listed
contradicts Filter Theory

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12
Q

Capacity Theory

A

> attention is limited resource
individual controls distribution
difficult tasks require more
causes breakdown into serial processing

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13
Q

Parallel Processing

A

> multitasking

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14
Q

Truck/Bus Drivers

Capacity Theory Example

A

> navigate through course
remember how many lights turned on
after, analyzed driving record after two years
good at light monitoring test = better record

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15
Q

Split-span Technique & Fighter Pilot

Capacity Theory Example

A

> two simultaneous messages
try to remember numbers
good at task = better pilots

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16
Q

Distracted Driving Accidents

A

> cell phone: 4x
texting: 23x, 400% “eyes of road”, 8x more than drunk
3000 deaths (high as 8,000) , 330,000 injured
28% of fatal involved distracted driving
auto accidents #1 cause of death in young

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17
Q

Driving Experiment Results

A 
>Ranks:
1) Control Group
2) Drunk (0.08)
3) Hands Free Cell
>Cell User Facts: similar to 70 yr. olds, hands free was irrelevant, distracted 5-10 mins after end
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18
Q

Automatic Process

A

> typically result of practice
little/no conscious effort
may not remember
does not interfere with other mental processes

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19
Q

The Stroop Task

A

> have to read color not word

>automatic processes hurt task

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20
Q

Sleep/Dreams

A

> spend about 1/3 of life

>average 72 yr. old = 24 years of sleep

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21
Q

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

A

> measures brain waves
average: several thousands of active neurons
every 90 mins pass through 5 stages

22
Q

Awake

Stages of Sleep

A

> low voltages

>high frequency beta waves

23
Q

Drowsy

Stages of Sleep

A

> alpha waves prominent

24
Q

Stage 1 Sleep

Stages of Sleep

A

> may not know asleep

>theta waves prominent

25
Q

Stage 2 Sleep

Stages of Sleep

A

> sleep spindles and mixed EEG activity

>feels like sleep

26
Q

Slow-wave Sleep

Stages of Sleep

A

> Stages 3 & 4
progressively more delta waves
large/irregular brain waves, low frequency

27
Q

REM Sleep- Graph

Stages of Sleep

A

> low voltage

>high frequency waves

28
Q

REM Sleep- Info

Stages of Sleep

A

> rapid eye movements
paradoxical sleep (deepest sleep vs/extremely active brain/body)
main dream state
altered state of consciousness
some areas of brain more active than when awake

29
Q

Stages of Sleep

Overview

A

> Stages 1-4: person unconscious

30
Q

Typical Night’s Sleep

A

> usually only remember last two dreams
deepest sleep in first half of night
most time in Stage 2

31
Q

Why Sleep?

A

> amount needed different for everyone
don’t know exact reason
children: neurological development
adults: memory consolidation

32
Q

Accidents and Sleep Deprivation

A

> graphed accidents before/after time change

>sleep deprivation causes accidents

33
Q

Body Restitution Hypothesis

Explanations for Sleep

A

> sleep restores body
proved: releases growth hormones
disproved: body/brain aroused
ex. REM brings heart attack in elderly

34
Q

Brain Restitution

Explanations for Sleep

A

> brain needs to replenish
proved: sleeping animals replenish
disproved: happens at night anyway

35
Q

Evolutionary

Explanations for Sleep

A

> adaptive strategy
ex. being awake at night doesn’t benefit prey
proved: comoflage
disproved: at night predators don’t sleep, prey do

36
Q

Energy Conservation

Explanations for Sleep

A

> sleep powers down/conserves calories/oxogen

>sleep a lot, typically weigh less

37
Q

Activation Hypothesis

A

> dreams could relate to brain growth
activates/stimulates Central Nervous System
ex. animals twitch because of responses
dreams of kids are drastically different than adults

38
Q

Dream Facts

A

> babies: 50% of time in REM
(9-10 hrs. dreaming out of 18-20 hrs. asleep)
adults: 25% of time in REM

39
Q

Memory Consolidation

A

> dream for memory consolidation

>often dream content relates to life

40
Q

Wilson & Louie Experiment

A

> trained rats to solve circular mazes
while in maze, electrobes recorded neurons firing with “unique pattern” or “signature”
monitored brain activity in hippocampus (while in REM)
active vs. sleep brain activity closely matched

41
Q

Human Evidence of Memory Consolidation

A

> participants play Tetris, then sleep
after REM woken up and reported playing game/moving shapes & colors
dreaming seems like natural form of practice
visual practice helps in real world

42
Q

Sleep and GPA

A

> positive correlation between GPA and sleep

>study first then sleep

43
Q

William Dement Experiment

A

> REM deprivation
volunteers slept in lab 8 nights
6 nights:
exp. group- reach REM = wake up
control group- woke same # of times (not in REM)
final 2 nights: sleep like normal, record EEG

44
Q

William Dement Experiment Results

A

> REM Rebound Effect- deprived tried to enter REM 2x as often by night 5
last 2 nights, spent 60% more time in REM
tried to catch up on REM (needed for brain)

45
Q

Dreams Don’t Predict Future

A

> 5-6 dreams/night (2000 dreams/year)
by luck, one or two of events will happen
if 5 happen/year, then 99.75% did not happen (like lottery)

46
Q

Characteristics of Hypnosis

A

> sleep is metaphor
selective attention becomes even more narrow
reality testing- checking surroundings (reduced)
people are suggestible
can cause temp forgetfulness

47
Q

Hypnosis Facts

A

> requires willing/cooperative participant
hypnotic susceptibility is stable trait (not related to age)
suggestions control behavior within limits
wears off (good at reducing pain, not addictive, bad long-term treatment)

48
Q

Hypnosis Example

A

> college students hear “experiment” and are compelled to touch forehead
combined with amnesia effect (did not know why did action)

49
Q

Hypermnesia

A

> enhanced memory under hypnosis

50
Q

Confabulation

A

> under/after hypnosis prone to mistakes and distortion of memory

51
Q

Hallucinations Induced

A

> positive: see/hear things that aren’t real
negative: does not perceive something they’d normally be aware of
(ex. block pain temporarily)

52
Q

Disassociation

A

> temp partition between fact/memory and consciousness

>pain & amnesia ||| consciousness

Psychology (12 decks)

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