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Psychology > Emotion, Stress, and Happiness > Flashcards

Emotion, Stress, and Happiness Flashcards

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1
Q

Emotion, Stress, and Happiness

A

> humans often driven by emotional responses

>internal private experience

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2
Q

Facial Expressions

Measuring Emotion

A

> initial reaction, even if try to suppress

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3
Q

Physiological Responses

Measuring Emotion

A

> heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension

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4
Q

Person’s Description

Measuring Emotion

A

> verbal rating

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5
Q

Behavior

Measuring Emotion

A

> observe and infer
ex. handwriting speed test
fast: happy, slow: sad

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6
Q

Ekman Experiment

A

> ex. Ekman tested four diff countries of people
asked to identify emotion based on facial pic
result: emotions are genetically driven/innate
criticisms: people learn facial expressions

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7
Q

Ekman and Friesen Experiment

A

> The Fore Tribe (hunters/gathers- no western media)

result: interpreted facial expressions same way

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8
Q

Ekman Kids Experiment

A

> described characteristics of facial movements for emotions
tested kids born blind (could not have learned facial expressions)
result: all kids move same way originally, can be changed with experience

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9
Q

Physiological Indicators of Emotion

A

> sympathetic nervous system activity
(heart rate, respiration rate, pupil dilation, etc.)
person can not control these
prepare for “fight” or “flight”

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10
Q

Cerebral Cortex

Role in Emotions

A

> inhibition of emotional responses

>removal: sham rage (agression at slightest move, not focused)

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11
Q

Hypothalamus

Role in Emotions

A

> stimulate: rage attack (focused)

>strong pleasure reactions (ex. press shock button repeatedly)

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12
Q

Brain

Role in Emotions

A

> no one part controls emotions

>conflicting interactions are possible

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13
Q

Gender Differences in Emotions Experiment

Facial Expressions/Physiological Reactions

A

> stereotype: women more emotional than men
pics seen by observers (+/-), judges describe what’s seen
results: facial expressions- using female observer more accurate than using male
physiological reaction- more change in male than female

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14
Q

Gender Differences in Emotions Experiment
Explanation
(Facial Expressions/Physiological Reactions)

A

> lifetime of socialization caused males/females to react differently
men inhibit facial expressions, express as physiological reactions

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15
Q

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

A

> stimulus (environ) - physical reaction (auto) - emotion
emotional reactions are adaptation to environ
ex. bear - raised heart beat - fear
ex. car accident - fear/relief - heart pounds

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16
Q

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

Problems

A

> physiology too slow (emotions before physical change)
spinal injured have little sense of physical reactions
diff emotional endpoints, even w/same physical changes

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17
Q

Physiological Similarities

A

> ex. arousal from roller coaster (excitement vs. fear)

same stimulus and physical response, diff emotions

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18
Q

Two Factor Theory

A

> physical arousal (engine) - person’s thoughts (steering)

>produce unique emotion, sequence does not matter

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19
Q

Schachter’s Cognitive Label Theory
Bridge Experiment
(Two Factor Theory)

A

> female asked males to create story
low bridge (stable): few romantic stories, 9% called back
high bridge (unstable): romantic stories, 39% called back)
result: bridge (arousal), female (cognition, attributed w/arousal)

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20
Q

Negative Emotion State

A

> short-term stress is not necessarily bad (motivates)
long-term chronic stress is bad
no stress is unrealistic
manage stress to deal with it

21
Q

Denial

A

> faced w/uncomfortable fact, person rejects despite evidence

>short-term fix to stress management

22
Q

Denial Examples

A

> ex. terminally ill kids/parents
measured parent’s 17OHCS (stress hormone in blood)
denial- low levels
acceptance- high levels
ex. combat helicopter pilots (fault if shot down)
chance- low levels
myself- high levels

23
Q

Perceived Control Rat Experiment

A 
G1: light - spin wheel - mild shock
      light - don't spin wheel - large shock
G2: shock produced by and with G1
       spinning wheel makes no diff
result: G1 less stress, G2 more stress
24
Q

Life Change and Stress

A

> change is stressful (both +/-)
more events = more stress
higher risk of sickness
stress is cumulative

25
Q

Personality Types

A

> in reality are like a continuum

>both have equally stressful lives (about reaction)

26
Q

Type A

Personality Types

A

> competitive, hard-driven, impatient

>more likely to develop cardiovascular problems

27
Q

Type B

Personality Types

A

> easygoing, relaxed

28
Q

Lifestyle Modification Research

A

> ex. Type A’s w/at least one heart attack
can learn to be more Type B, reduces risk
belief in sense of control reduces stress

29
Q

The Nursing Home Study

A

> G1: control (select plant, movies, visiting hrs, and room)
G2: no control (given plant, visiting hrs, movie, room)
results: G1 had + rating from nurses, longevity

30
Q

Stress and Colds

A

> gave life change test to get high/low score
all infected w/cold virus
result: just because infected, doesn’t mean get sick
(stress compromises immune system)

31
Q

Explanatory Style

A 
>same event, diff perspective
>optimistic people have more control over stress
>pessimistic people have worse health
>ex. company restructuring
pes: threat - more sick
opt: opportunity - less sick
32
Q

Distraction

A

> temp fix to stress
ex. kids w/chemo and video games experiment
(fewer side effects, cost effective)

33
Q

Distraction and Pain Control Experiment

Bennett and Boehm

A

1) shadowing task (repeat message from one ear)
2) “control the temp” condition (“heat with switch”)
3) control condition (do nothing)
>results: G1 and G2 experienced less pain than G3

34
Q

Social Support

A

> rely/trust others to experience less stress
people who live alone more likely to be hospitalized
ex. heart surgery patients w/roommates after
result: paired w/people who had same surgery = fewer complications after

35
Q

Progressive Relaxation and Exercise

A

> physical activity is one of best ways to manage stress

>replaces unhealthy activities

36
Q

Subjective Well-Being

A

> feeling of happiness/satisfaction w/life

37
Q

Feel Good/Do Good Phenomenon

A

> feel more happy = more willing to help others

38
Q

The Nun Study: Danner

A

> happiness vs. longevity (tested is this a thing)
nuns have fewer variables to control vs. general population
studied journals for emotional content (+/-/n)

39
Q

The Nun Study: Danner

Results

A

> happy nuns lived avg 10 yrs longer
happiness IS related to longevity
results replicated by other experiments

40
Q

Wealth and Happiness

A

> weak relationship between wealth/happiness (U.S.- r = 0.12 = 1.4%)
Diener tested Forbes list vs. avg person ($50,000 per family)
result: 37% of ultra wealthy less satisfied than avg American

41
Q

Gallop Poll

A

> how much $ vs. how satisfied
American’s income 2x/3x since 1950’s (life satisfaction hasn’t changed)
curve relationship between money/happiness

42
Q

Adaptation-Level Phenomenon

A

> people adapt to income level
ex. Brickman’s experiment (avg. Americans vs. lotto winners and avg. Americans vs. spine injured)
result: life satisfaction-
lotto winners - way above avg - slightly below avg
physically impaired - way below avg - slightly above lotto, but slightly below avg
(order: lotto - phys - avg)

43
Q

Values Matter

A

> neg relationship between money and happiness
pos relationship between love and happiness
usually no gender diff
age doesn’t change life satisfaction

44
Q

Personality and Satisfaction

A

> extroverts usually more happy than introverts

>introvert’s best day about same as extrovert’s lowest point

45
Q

Frame of Reference and Happiness

A

> happiness is relative to our comparison to others
avg world income: $3,000
7% college edu
1/4 access to car
20-30% access to computer
“I wish…” - upward comparison - less happy
“I’m glad…” - downward comparison - more happy

46
Q

Religious Involvement and Happiness

A

> people involved in religion typically more happy

47
Q

Marriage and Well-being

A

> married people are typically more happy
single people more likely to have issues
ex. intact vs. disrupt families
(kids happier w/intact families, avg 13 yr old still show neg reaction)

48
Q

Happy People Characteristics

A 
>high self esteem, optimistic, outgoing, agreeable
>close friends
>work/leisure engage skills
>meaningful regions faith
>sleep well and exercise
49
Q

Happiness Does NOT Relate To

A 
>age
>gender
>education level
>parenthood (having children)
>physical attractiveness (happiness drives appearance)

Psychology (12 decks)

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