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Psychology > Learning > Flashcards

Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

Learning

A

> relatively permanent change in thought or behavior

>result of experience

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2
Q

*Classical Conditioning

A

> teach something to respond/remember
every animal can be
ex. Pavlov & his dog digestion experiment
ex. Vietnam vets w/sounds

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3
Q

Pavlov and His Dog Experiment

A

> collected saliva to study digestion

>dogs salivate at sound of Pavlov

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4
Q 
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
(Classical Conditioning Terminology)
A

> something person/animal already knows

>perhaps innate (food)

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5
Q 
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
(Classical Conditioning Terminology)
A

> reflexive/innate biological response

>ex. dog salivates to food

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6
Q 
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
(Classical Conditioning Terminology)
A

> learned stimulus

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7
Q 
Conditioned Response (CR)
(Classical Conditioning Terminology)
A

> actual learned response

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8
Q

Classical Conditioning Chart

Dog Example

A

> UCS: food
UCR: salivation
CS: bell rings/show food
CR: salivation from hearing bell

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9
Q

Acquisition

A

> CS+US (learning phase)

>ex. pair bell sound w/food

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10
Q

Extinction

A

> CS only

>ex. sound bell but don’t give food

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11
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

> CR brought back (learning still there, animal quits responding)
ex. dog still salivates, just less

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12
Q

Stimulus Generalization

A

> response applied in mult. environments (doesn’t need to be trained)
ex. dog’s side buzzed = gets food
(strong response when leg buzzed)
salivate when other area buzzed (weaker, still a response)
ex. green traffic light vs. green arrow

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13
Q

Stimulus Discrimination

A

> distinguish between conditioned stimulus
needs to be trained
ex. dog learns diff between pitches
(only salivates to correct pitch)
individuals discriminate based on unique experience

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14
Q

Watson, Rayner, Little Albert Tested For?

A

> emotional response learned/acquired through classical conditioning

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15
Q

Watson, Rayner, Little Albert Diagram?

A

> UCS: loud bang paired w/white rat
UCR: Albert cried
CS: sight of white rat
CR: Albert feared other white fluffy objects

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16
Q

Fetishes and Rachman’s Experiments

A

> wondered how fetishes were acquired

>normal sexual variant- something sexually arouses, don’t have to have

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17
Q

Ranchman’s Experiment Diagram

A 
>UCS: nude photos
>UCR: sexual arousal
>CS: shoes
>CR: sexual arousal
>aroused after seeing shoes
>devient behaviors can be classical conditioned
18
Q

Learning by Association

A

> music scored represents particular characters

>adds to excitement

19
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

> person/animal has to respond to get reward
Skinner boxes- operant chamber
ex. light on = press bar

20
Q

Stimulus-Response Psychology Reinforcement (S-R)

A

> S: light

>R: press bar

21
Q

*Shaping (by Successive Approximation)

A

> low achievable goal to harder goal
give/withhold reward to tell what to do
used to train animals
ex. dogs play piano, prisons, psych-wards

22
Q

*Reinforcement

A

> something increases strength or likelihood of getting response
key to operant condition
based on if-then contingency

23
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

> give reward and increase probability of response
unusual behaviors can be encouraged by reinforcement
(engage in humiliating behavior for reward)

24
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

> removal of event strengthens behavior
do appropriate behavior to stop something
ex. drug addiction-
pos: feels good initially
neg: addicted, but side effects stopped after using

25
Q

Punishment vs. Reinforcement

A

> negative reinforcement is not punishment
reinforcement encourages behavior
(turns off bad happening)
punishment suppresses/decreases behavior

26
Q

Reinforcement Overview

A

> positive: give
negative: take away
continuous: happens every time
partial:

27
Q

Systematic Desensitization

A

> replace with another/series of small steps
use knowledge to do behavioral therapy
based on generalization and extinction
psychological treatment for phobias (extinguishes maladaptive response)

28
Q

Bandura’s Experiment

A

> can observe others to predict what will happen/know what to do
kid watches aggressive adult play w/toy bag
others see calm adult in room
result: kids who saw aggression, were more aggressive

29
Q

Imitation Onset

A

> tv person shows toy has two parts, kid imitates

>him uses tool, offspring imitates

30
Q

Applications of Observable Learning

A

> learn what exposed to, environment

>sometimes only takes one exposure

31
Q

Kohler’s Research

A

> INSIGHT
gave chimps new problems to solve
animals showed problem solving skills
ex. hanging fruit, food outside fence

32
Q

Tolman Experiments

A

> COGNITIVE MAPS (maze)
P1: rats explore without reinforcement (form map)
P2: hungry rats in start box, food in goal box
three ways to reward, but choose straight path 1 and are rewarded
P3: path 1 road block, not rewarded before for path 2
(still choose path 2)
P4: high road block, blocks path 1 & 2
(only tries path 3)

33
Q

Latent Learning

A

> learning without reinforcement

>cognitive maps based on latent learning, becomes apparent when incentive given

34
Q

Duncker’s Problem

A

> ex. volunteer has to tie two string ends
(use players like pendulum)
ex. arrange box of matches, tacks, and candles so candle doesn’t drip
(use box as shelf)

35
Q

Functional Fixedness

A

> tendency to see objects as having only one function (common use)

36
Q

Neuropsychology of Learning

A

> presumption something in brain changes when learning

>did not know where memory was

37
Q

Aplasia Slugs Experiment

A

> Kandel and Schwartz studied large sea slugs w/primitive nervous systems
(no brain, simple nervous system)
vulnerable gill on back, reflexively shuts when touched
vibrated plate, then blasted gill (which shuts) to classically condition

38
Q

Aplasia Slugs Experiment Results

A

> increase in neurotransmitters release (chemical change)

>formed new synaptic connections

39
Q

Learning Physical Changes

A

> achieved through new neural connections

>brain is constantly changing

40
Q

Autism

A

> symptoms: cognitive impairment, social impairment, corky/odd behaviors
genetic synaptic disorder (6 genes involved)
difficult to form new connections
not due to vaccinations

Psychology (12 decks)

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