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Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

Personality

A

> consistent pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
Perspectives:
Trait, Psychoanalytic, Biological, Learning

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2
Q

Trait Perspective

A

> consists of number of distinguishable characteristics
identification and measurement (personality tests)
use traits to predict behavior (probabilities)

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3
Q

Allport and Odbert

A

> identified 18,000 words representing traits (too many)

>factor analysis (looked for groupings caused by same characteristic)

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4
Q

*Five Factor Theory of Personality

A

> dimensions (not categories) from low to high
factors stable in adults over time, across situations
universal, provides insight into behavior
most widely accepted approach

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5
Q

*The Big Five Factors

A 
>conscientiousness
>agreeableness
>neuroticism
>openness
>extraversion
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6
Q

Conscientiousness

A

> high: cautious, disciplined, organized

>low: unreliable, impulsive, disorganized

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7
Q

Agreeableness

A

> high: compassionate, trusting, cooperative
low: rude, uncooperative, unsympathetic
earn higher salaries bc reject low starting salaries

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8
Q

Neuroticism

A

> high: anxious, insecure, emotional

>low: calm, secure, unemotional

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9
Q

Openness

A

> high: curious, creative, adventurous
low: conventional, closed minded, resistant to change
higher scores on educational/standards tests

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10
Q

Extraversion

A

> high: talkative, optimistic, sociable

>low: reserved, quiet, conventional

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11
Q

Assessing Traits

A

> personality inventories designed to gauge several traits at once
often use T/F or agree/disagree
no wrong answer

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12
Q

Objective Tests

A

> ex. inventories, standardized tests

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13
Q

MMPI

A

> Minnesota Multiphase Personalty Inventory
originally developed to identify emotional disorders
discriminated between diagnostic groups
standardized objective test

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14
Q

MMPI Reading Results

A

> 10 diff scores
district pattern in people w/certain disorders
shows scores can change with therapy

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15
Q

Premuzu and Furnham

A

> correlated Big Five personality traits w/academic performance
conscientious, stable, and introverted more likely to succeed in school

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16
Q

Projective Tests

A

> test taker presented w/ambiguous stimuli and asked to explain
lack objective string criteria
interpretation by clinician (subjective)
older personality tests (ex. TAT, Rorschach)

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17
Q

Rorschach Inkblot Test

A

> 10 inkblots

18
Q

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A

> Murray invented

>people express feelings through stories tell about ambiguous scenes

19
Q

Projective Test Criticisms

A

> lacks reliability (consistency) and validity (predicting)

>diff interpretation of results and misdiagnose

20
Q

Evaluation of Trait Approach

A

> personality can be measured
traits are stable/predictable
does not explain origin of traits

21
Q

Anna O. and Freud

A

> hysteria, pain/paralysis in arm, anorexic, speech problems

>temp alleviate symptoms w/hypnosis (psych not phys problem)

22
Q

Freud’s Model of Mind Theory

A

> mind is like iceberg
conscious mind above water
unconscious mind below water (drives behavior)

23
Q

*Personality Structure

A

> childhood experience develops personality
based off many “disturbed patients”
includes id, ego, and super ego

24
Q

*The Id

A

> biological causes (present at birth)
unconscious
animalistic
Pleasure Principle

25
Q

*The Ego

A

> conscious
deals w/reality
mediates between ID and Superego
Freud: chariot rider vs. horse

26
Q

*Superego

A

> Guilt Principle (creates ideal self)

>tries to suppress Id

27
Q

Psychoanalytic Perspective

A 
>1st comprehensive theory of personality
>pioneer work on mental disorders
>identified/described Defense Mechanisms
ex. denial, projection (put problems on others)
>tries to explain origin of personality
28
Q

Evaluating Psychoanalytic Perspective Part I

A

> lack of operational definitions (too subjective)
explains past events rather than making testable predictions
not enough emphasis on present
overemphasis on sex/aggression, ignores cultural influences

29
Q

Oral Fixation

Example of Poor Psychoanalytic Perspective

A

> pleasure through mouth (in kids, neg)
leads to smoking, drinking, sarcasm
not good predictor

30
Q

Evaluating Psychoanalytic Perspective Part II

A 
>based on disturbed people
>personality not fixed in childhood
>underemphasized peer influence
>much is untestable
>most modern psych not guided by Freudian ideas
31
Q

Twin Studies Terms

A

> monozygotic - identical- 100% shared genes
dizygotic - fraternal - 50% shared genes
(no more alike than siblings)

32
Q

Concordance Rate

A

> percent of twins sharing a trait

33
Q

Ruston Research

A

> reviewed 40 published studies of MZ and DZ twins (3,000 pairs)
result: inherit traits that put person at risk of certain behaviors
(environment matters)
genetic predisposition- likely hood, not destiny

34
Q

The Big Five Traits

A

> 50% inherited from parents

>50% environmental influences

35
Q

Change in Environment Study 1

A

> more time in therapy = more change in Big Five Traits

36
Q

Change in Environment Study 2

A

> Token Economy- comply w/therapy to receive tokens for rewards

37
Q

Police Officers and MMPI Results

A

> as scores worsen:

increase in neuroticism, anxiety, psych complaints, alcohol abuse (critical)

38
Q

Personality Overview

A 
>The Big Five are stable/predictable
>childhood experiences influence
>genetics influence
>environment shapes personality
>learning/observation
39
Q

The Learning Approach

Behaviorism

A 
>reinforcement
>observational learning
>environment/experience
>personality change
ex. little girl (shy - praise = reinforcement - stop reinforcement = not shy)
40
Q

Delay of Gratification

A 
>work toward long-term goal
>college students high on DOG
>ex. candy now vs. massive candy in week
kids observed adults make decision
result: reflected what adults did
41
Q

Berman Experiment

A 
>The Marshmallow Test
>tracked 4 yr olds progress as aged
>result (high self control)
teens- high test scores, not druggies
adults- low BMI, more $, less divorced

Psychology (12 decks)

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