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Psychology > Motivation > Flashcards

Motivation Flashcards

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1
Q

Perspectives on Motivation (Replace)

A

> Instinct Theory (replaced by evolutionary perspective)
Drive-Reduction Theory
Arousal Theory
Hierarchy of Motives

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2
Q

Instinct and Evolution Theory

A

> some behaviors are internally motivated
problem: list too long of possible things could do
(could not all be considered not “learned”)
ex. humans build diff kinds of houses, birds have one type

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3
Q

Instinct

A

> complex behaviors, fixed patterns throughout species (not learned)
humans have few instincts
no “maternal instinct”, it’s learned

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4
Q

Drive Reduction Theory

A

> biological need creates tension (motivates organism to satisfy need)
need (food)- drive (hunger)- drive-reducing behaviors (eat)
problem: focus only on internal events

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5
Q

Homeostasis

Drive Reduction Theory

A

> organism seeks to maintain stable internal state

>narrow range of working values (ex. amt of oxogen, water, etc.)

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6
Q

Drive

Drive Reduction Theory

A

> arousal due to biological need

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7
Q

Negative Feedback Loop

A

> stronger need = stronger drive

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8
Q

External Incentives

A

> outside events cause person to take action (which may not be needed)
ex. smell baking bread = strong desire to eat

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9
Q

Incentives Experiment

A

> G1: (hungry rats) run maze for food
G2: (hungry rats+food before) run maze for food
DV: running speed/time
Drive-reduction Theory predicts G1 should run fastest (most drive)
results: G2 ran faster, food pellet caused more motivation

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10
Q

Hunger and the Brain

A

> glucose in blood monitored by receptors
(in stomach, liver, and intestines)
send signals to hypothalamus
experience hunger from certain parts of brain

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11
Q

Lateral Hypothalamus (LH)

A

> on switch for hunger/eating when food present
destroyed: animal may not eat
eating is not instinctual

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12
Q

Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH)

A

> off switch for hunger/eating

>destroyed: drastically over eats

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13
Q

Set Point

A

> body tries to maintain certain weight (range)

>genetic and environmental

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14
Q

Lesion

A

> damage
causes new set point to be established
brain surgery is not exact (permanent)

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15
Q

VMH Lesion Rats

A

> food intake: flat – increase – peaked – decrease — norm flat rate
weight: flat – increase –peaked – flat

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16
Q

Hyperphagic Rats

A

> VMH lesion rats
don’t attend to internal cues (don’t feel need to eat)
sensitive to external cues (picky toward properties of food)
won’t work for food (lazy)
highly emotional (easily distressed)

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17
Q

Schacter’s Experiments

A

> compared traits of normal weight and obese individuals

>suggested some individual’s VMH doesn’t work

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18
Q

Test 1

Schacter’s Experiments

A

> tested sensitivity to internal cues
ex. found avg. weight ppl ate fewer crackers
(obese = less sensitive to internal cues)

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19
Q

Test 2

Schacter’s Experiments

A

> tested sensitivity to external cues
ex. found obese ate less of quinine “bitter” ice cream
(obese = more sensitive to external cues)

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20
Q

Test 3

Schacter’s Experiments

A

> tested if would work for food
ex. found obese would eat far fewer nuts in shells
(obese = wanted to do less work)

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21
Q

Test 4

Schacter’s Experiments

A

> tested emotional responses
ex. found obese were poor with emotional stories
(obese = more emotional)

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22
Q

Sexual Motivation: Hormones Overview

A

> animal’s sexual motivations based on hormones
humans have relatively constant hormone levels
(less driven by hormones)

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23
Q

Sexual Motivation: Women and Hormones

A

> women more likely to have sex when close to ovulation (increased testosterone)
ex. strippers enhanced dress/earned more $ when close to ovulation
saliva data can predict ovulation (egg release)

24
Q

Sexual Motivation: Men and Hormones

A

> higher levels of testosterone = higher sexual motivation

>everyone produces testosterone

25
Q

Harlow Monkey Study

A

> raised monkeys in isolation (normally group in wild)
NO OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
put w/other monkeys when reached sexual maturity
result: did not know how to mate (sexual behavior is learned)

26
Q

Alfred Kinsey (1950’s)

A

> first to study sexual motivation in humans (surveys)

>time is large factor

27
Q

Alfred Kinsey Survey Results

A

> Premarital Intercourse: w- 50%, m-90%
Oral Sex: 40% of couples
Masturbation: majority of w and m
Sexual orientation is range/continuum

28
Q

Kinsey First to Discover Hetero-Homosexuality

A

> many don’t fall into just hetero or homo category
Exclusively homo: 2-4%
Hetero w/homo experience: 20%

29
Q

Masters and Johnson (1960’s)

A

> human sexuality in the lab (clinic)
tried to find how m/w physically responded
found sexes were very similar

30
Q

Four Phases

Human Response Cycle

A

1) Excitement
2) Plateau
3) Orgasm
4) Resolution

31
Q

Excitement

Human Response Cycle

A

> genitals receive blood
vagina expands and lubricates
penis enlarges

32
Q

Plateau

Human Response Cycle

A

> fully aroused

>elevated breathing/pulse/blood pressure

33
Q

Orgasm

Human Response Cycle

A

> contractions throughout body
increased breathing/pulse/blood pressure
sexual release

34
Q

Resolution

Human Response Cycle

A

> genitals release blood
male has refractory phase
women resolve slower

35
Q

Refractory Phase

A

> men can’t orgasm twice in one experience
women don’t do this
(can have several without dropping below plateau level)

36
Q

Sex and the Brain

A

> 8 sec for 1 orgasm
orgasms are produced by the brain
paraplegics can still have sex and orgasm (even if can’t feel)

37
Q

Nocturnal Orgasms

A

> sex dreams, can orgasm in sleep

38
Q

Orgasmic Headaches

A

> people w/headaches after sex

39
Q

Arousal Theories

A

> people motivated to do things, even if no biological need to
humans seek stimulation
ex. kids/monkeys constantly doing something

40
Q

Static Principle

A 
>seek to maintain certain level of stimulation
(i.e. optimal level)
>some stimulation
>not too challenging
>not boring
>based on individual
41
Q

Dynamic Principle

A

> preference changes over time and experience
(i.e. shifts to left)
ex. hear good song for first time, then radio over plays it

42
Q

Optimal Level Theory

A

> can move up/down, but want to stay in middle

43
Q

Opponent Process Theory of Emotion

A

> emotions trigger opposing emotions
Golden Rule of Emotions: they don’t last
emotions motivate behavior
ex.terrifying parachute experience = elated person afterward
ex.painful childbirth = mom experiences joy

44
Q

Opponent Process Theory of Emotion (Graphs)

A

> with repetition…
negative feeling before shrinks
positive feeling after grows

45
Q

Intrinsic Motivation

A

> no obvious reward, do for enjoyment/satisfaction/feel competent (hobbies)

46
Q

Extrinsic Motivation

A

> rewarded for completing not satisfying task (grades/pay)

47
Q

Marker Puzzle Experiment

A 
Preschoolers can draw
>G1: draw + reward (extrinsic)
>G2: draw, no reward (intrinsic)
Next week...
>G1: less motivation (told no reward)
>G2: more motivation
>result: extrinsic can affect intrinsic
48
Q

Maslow Hierarchy of Needs

A

> tried to form way to address concept of motivation

>certain needs have priority over others

49
Q

Hierarchy of Needs Overview

A

> motives at bottom have to be addressed first
can move up/down structure as life changes
may never reach top levels
ex. natural disaster/lose job moves person to bottom levels
ex. shoe Survivor (food - shelter - alliance - team leader)

50
Q

Level 5 - top

Hierarchy of Needs

A

> Self-actualization Needs

>desire to fulfill potential/meaning in life

51
Q

Level 4 - toward top

Hierarchy of Needs

A

> Esteem Needs

>confidence, respect, achievements, self-esteem

52
Q

Level 3 - middle

Hierarchy of Needs

A

> Belongings/Love Needs

>social needs, affiliation w/others

53
Q

Level 2 - bottom

Hierarchy of Needs

A

> Safety Needs

>protection from temps, safe/secure/stable environment

54
Q

Level 1 - bottom

Hierarchy of Needs

A

> Physiological Needs

>basics, food/water/oxogen/body temp

55
Q

Why do people think and act the way they do?

A

> have needs, motivated by different causes

Psychology (12 decks)

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