Motivation Flashcards
Perspectives on Motivation (Replace)
> Instinct Theory (replaced by evolutionary perspective)
Drive-Reduction Theory
Arousal Theory
Hierarchy of Motives
Instinct and Evolution Theory
> some behaviors are internally motivated
problem: list too long of possible things could do
(could not all be considered not “learned”)
ex. humans build diff kinds of houses, birds have one type
Instinct
> complex behaviors, fixed patterns throughout species (not learned)
humans have few instincts
no “maternal instinct”, it’s learned
Drive Reduction Theory
> biological need creates tension (motivates organism to satisfy need)
need (food)- drive (hunger)- drive-reducing behaviors (eat)
problem: focus only on internal events
Homeostasis
Drive Reduction Theory
> organism seeks to maintain stable internal state
>narrow range of working values (ex. amt of oxogen, water, etc.)
Drive
Drive Reduction Theory
> arousal due to biological need
Negative Feedback Loop
> stronger need = stronger drive
External Incentives
> outside events cause person to take action (which may not be needed)
ex. smell baking bread = strong desire to eat
Incentives Experiment
> G1: (hungry rats) run maze for food
G2: (hungry rats+food before) run maze for food
DV: running speed/time
Drive-reduction Theory predicts G1 should run fastest (most drive)
results: G2 ran faster, food pellet caused more motivation
Hunger and the Brain
> glucose in blood monitored by receptors
(in stomach, liver, and intestines)
send signals to hypothalamus
experience hunger from certain parts of brain
Lateral Hypothalamus (LH)
> on switch for hunger/eating when food present
destroyed: animal may not eat
eating is not instinctual
Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH)
> off switch for hunger/eating
>destroyed: drastically over eats
Set Point
> body tries to maintain certain weight (range)
>genetic and environmental
Lesion
> damage
causes new set point to be established
brain surgery is not exact (permanent)
VMH Lesion Rats
> food intake: flat – increase – peaked – decrease — norm flat rate
weight: flat – increase –peaked – flat
Hyperphagic Rats
> VMH lesion rats
don’t attend to internal cues (don’t feel need to eat)
sensitive to external cues (picky toward properties of food)
won’t work for food (lazy)
highly emotional (easily distressed)
Schacter’s Experiments
> compared traits of normal weight and obese individuals
>suggested some individual’s VMH doesn’t work
Test 1
Schacter’s Experiments
> tested sensitivity to internal cues
ex. found avg. weight ppl ate fewer crackers
(obese = less sensitive to internal cues)
Test 2
Schacter’s Experiments
> tested sensitivity to external cues
ex. found obese ate less of quinine “bitter” ice cream
(obese = more sensitive to external cues)
Test 3
Schacter’s Experiments
> tested if would work for food
ex. found obese would eat far fewer nuts in shells
(obese = wanted to do less work)
Test 4
Schacter’s Experiments
> tested emotional responses
ex. found obese were poor with emotional stories
(obese = more emotional)
Sexual Motivation: Hormones Overview
> animal’s sexual motivations based on hormones
humans have relatively constant hormone levels
(less driven by hormones)
Sexual Motivation: Women and Hormones
> women more likely to have sex when close to ovulation (increased testosterone)
ex. strippers enhanced dress/earned more $ when close to ovulation
saliva data can predict ovulation (egg release)
Sexual Motivation: Men and Hormones
> higher levels of testosterone = higher sexual motivation
>everyone produces testosterone
Harlow Monkey Study
> raised monkeys in isolation (normally group in wild)
NO OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
put w/other monkeys when reached sexual maturity
result: did not know how to mate (sexual behavior is learned)
Alfred Kinsey (1950’s)
> first to study sexual motivation in humans (surveys)
>time is large factor
Alfred Kinsey Survey Results
> Premarital Intercourse: w- 50%, m-90%
Oral Sex: 40% of couples
Masturbation: majority of w and m
Sexual orientation is range/continuum
Kinsey First to Discover Hetero-Homosexuality
> many don’t fall into just hetero or homo category
Exclusively homo: 2-4%
Hetero w/homo experience: 20%
Masters and Johnson (1960’s)
> human sexuality in the lab (clinic)
tried to find how m/w physically responded
found sexes were very similar
Four Phases
Human Response Cycle
1) Excitement
2) Plateau
3) Orgasm
4) Resolution
Excitement
Human Response Cycle
> genitals receive blood
vagina expands and lubricates
penis enlarges
Plateau
Human Response Cycle
> fully aroused
>elevated breathing/pulse/blood pressure
Orgasm
Human Response Cycle
> contractions throughout body
increased breathing/pulse/blood pressure
sexual release
Resolution
Human Response Cycle
> genitals release blood
male has refractory phase
women resolve slower
Refractory Phase
> men can’t orgasm twice in one experience
women don’t do this
(can have several without dropping below plateau level)
Sex and the Brain
> 8 sec for 1 orgasm
orgasms are produced by the brain
paraplegics can still have sex and orgasm (even if can’t feel)
Nocturnal Orgasms
> sex dreams, can orgasm in sleep
Orgasmic Headaches
> people w/headaches after sex
Arousal Theories
> people motivated to do things, even if no biological need to
humans seek stimulation
ex. kids/monkeys constantly doing something
Static Principle
>seek to maintain certain level of stimulation (i.e. optimal level) >some stimulation >not too challenging >not boring >based on individual
Dynamic Principle
> preference changes over time and experience
(i.e. shifts to left)
ex. hear good song for first time, then radio over plays it
Optimal Level Theory
> can move up/down, but want to stay in middle
Opponent Process Theory of Emotion
> emotions trigger opposing emotions
Golden Rule of Emotions: they don’t last
emotions motivate behavior
ex.terrifying parachute experience = elated person afterward
ex.painful childbirth = mom experiences joy
Opponent Process Theory of Emotion (Graphs)
> with repetition…
negative feeling before shrinks
positive feeling after grows
Intrinsic Motivation
> no obvious reward, do for enjoyment/satisfaction/feel competent (hobbies)
Extrinsic Motivation
> rewarded for completing not satisfying task (grades/pay)
Marker Puzzle Experiment
Preschoolers can draw >G1: draw + reward (extrinsic) >G2: draw, no reward (intrinsic) Next week... >G1: less motivation (told no reward) >G2: more motivation >result: extrinsic can affect intrinsic
Maslow Hierarchy of Needs
> tried to form way to address concept of motivation
>certain needs have priority over others
Hierarchy of Needs Overview
> motives at bottom have to be addressed first
can move up/down structure as life changes
may never reach top levels
ex. natural disaster/lose job moves person to bottom levels
ex. shoe Survivor (food - shelter - alliance - team leader)
Level 5 - top
Hierarchy of Needs
> Self-actualization Needs
>desire to fulfill potential/meaning in life
Level 4 - toward top
Hierarchy of Needs
> Esteem Needs
>confidence, respect, achievements, self-esteem
Level 3 - middle
Hierarchy of Needs
> Belongings/Love Needs
>social needs, affiliation w/others
Level 2 - bottom
Hierarchy of Needs
> Safety Needs
>protection from temps, safe/secure/stable environment
Level 1 - bottom
Hierarchy of Needs
> Physiological Needs
>basics, food/water/oxogen/body temp
Why do people think and act the way they do?
> have needs, motivated by different causes
