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Psychology > States of Consciousness > Flashcards

States of Consciousness Flashcards

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0
Q

Consciousness

A

The process by which the brain creates a model of internal and external experience.

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1
Q

How is consciousness related to other mental processes?

A

Consciousness can take many forms, while other mental processes occur simultaneously outside our awareness.

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2
Q

Cognitive neuroscience

A

An interdisciplinary field involving cognitive psychology, neurology, biology, computer science, linguistics, and specialists from other fields who are interested in the connection between mental process and the brain.

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3
Q

Levels of consciousness

A

Simultaneous layers of awareness of the world around us

  • conscious
  • nonconscious
  • preconscious
  • subconscious
  • unconscious
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4
Q

Conscious level

A

Information about self and environment that you are currently aware of
Focusing on these words and their meanings

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5
Q

Nonconscious level

A

Body processes controlled by the mind that we are not usually aware of
Heartbeat, respiration, digestion

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6
Q

Nonconscious processes

A

Any brain process that does not involve conscious processing, including both preconscious memories and unconscious processes.

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7
Q

Unconscious level

A

Psychoanalytic psychologists believe some events and feelings are unacceptable to our conscious mind and are repressed into the unconscious mind

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8
Q

Subconscious level

A

Information that we are not aware of but know must exist due to behavior
-Priming, mere-exposure effect

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9
Q

Tools for studying consciousness

A
  • Mental rotation tasks

- zooming in tasks

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10
Q

Preconscious memories

A

Information that is not currently in consciousness but can be recalled to consciousness voluntarily or after something calls attention to them

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11
Q

Unconscious

A

In Classic Freudian theory, a part of the mind that houses memories, desires, and feelings that would be threatening if brought to consciousness. Many modern cognitive psychologists view the unconscious in less sinister terms, merely as a collection of mental processes that operate outside of awareness– but not typically suppressing information or working at odds with consciousness.

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12
Q

What cycles occur in everyday consciousness?

A

Consciousness changes in cycles that correspond to our biological rhythms and to the patterns of stimulation in our environment.

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13
Q

Daydreaming

A

A common (and quite normal) variation of consciousness in which attention shifts to memories, expectations, desires, or fantasies and away from the immediate situation.

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14
Q

Circadian rhythms

A

Physiological patterns that repeat approximately every 24 hours, such as the sleep-wakefulness cycle.

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15
Q

Sleep

A

An altered state in which people become relatively unaware of external stimulation.

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16
Q

Sleep cycles

A

Typical patten of sleep

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17
Q

Sleep stages

A

Brain waves and level of awareness change as we cycle through the stages
Sleep onset, 1, 2, 3, 4, REM

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18
Q

REM sleep

A

A stage of sleep that occurs approximately every 90 minutes, marked by bursts of rapid eye movement occurring under closed eyelids. REM sleep periods are associated with dreaming.

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19
Q

Non-REM (NREM) sleep

A

The recurring periods, mainly associated with the deeper stages of sleep, when a sleeper is not showing rapid eye movements.

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20
Q

Sleep paralysis

A

A condition in which a sleeper is unable to move any of the voluntary muscles, except those controlling the eyes. Sleep paralysis normally occurs during REM sleep.

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21
Q

REM rebound

A

A condition of increased REM sleep caused by REM-sleep deprivation.

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22
Q

Sleep debt

A

A sleep deficiency caused by not getting the amount of sleep that one requires for optimal functioning.

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23
Q

Manifest content

A

The story line of a dream, taken at face value without interpretation.

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24
Q

Activation-synthesis theory

A

The theory that dreams begin with random electrical activation coming from the brain stem. Dreams, then, are the brain’s attempt to make sense of - to synthesize - this random activity.
-biological perspective

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25
Q

Sleep disorders

A

Periods of disruption in the sleep pattern

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26
Q

Insomnia

A

The most common of sleep disorders – involving insufficient sleep, the inability to fall asleep quickly, frequent arousals, or early awakenings.

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27
Q

How much sleep do the elderly need?

A

6 hours

Go to bed later, wake up earlier

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28
Q

World record for staying awake

A

11 days

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29
Q

Effects of missed sleep on body

A

Immune system weakens
Metabolic malfunction
Varied body temperature

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30
Q

Effects of missed sleep on brain

A 
Moodiness
Decreased cognitive performance
Blurred vision
Disorganized speech
Hallucinations
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31
Q

Night terrors

A

Deep sleep episodes that seem to produce terror, although any terrifying mental experience (such as a dream) is usually forgotten upon awakening. Night terrors occur mainly in children.

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32
Q

How much sleep do infants need?

A

20 hours, 50% REM

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33
Q

How much sleep do children and adolescents need?

A

10 hours, 25-30% REM

Go to bed later, wake up later

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34
Q

How much sleep do adults need?

A

8 hours, 20% or less REM

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35
Q

Latent content

A

The symbolic meaning of objects and events in a dream. Latent content is usually an interpretation based on Freud’s psychoanalytic theory or one of its variants. The latent content of a dream involving clocks might involve fear of the menstrual cycle and, hence, of one’s sexuality.

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36
Q

Cataplexy

A

Sudden loss of muscle control

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37
Q

What other forms can consciousness take?

A

An altered state of consciousness occurs when some aspect of normal consciousness is modified by mental, behavioral, or chemical means.

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38
Q

Hypnosis

A

An induced state of awareness, usually characterized by heightened suggestibility, deep relaxation, and highly focused attention.

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39
Q

Sleep apnea

A

A respiratory disorder in which the person intermittently stops breathing many times while asleep

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40
Q

Dreams as Problem Solving

A
  • dreams reflect emotional preoccupations of waking life
  • images in a dream are sometimes symbols for things in everyday life
  • no latent meaning (only manifest)
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41
Q

Mental Housekeeping Theory

A
  • during sleep, the brain shuts out sensory input so it can process what was stored in memory during the day
  • dreams are brief glimpses of the brain’s sorting, scanning, and searching through memories
  • no meaning
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42
Q

Narcolepsy

A

A disorder of REM sleep, involving sleep-onset REM periods and suddenly daytime REM-sleep attacks usually accompanied by cataplexy.

43
Q

Evolutionary theory of sleep

A

Protective function, keeps people safe at night

44
Q

Recuperative theory of sleep

A

Conserves energy, restores body tissues depleted during daily activity

45
Q

Freud’s Wish-Fulfillment Theory

A
  • dreams are attempt to satisfy sexual/aggressive impulses we cannot satisfy while awake
  • two layers: manifest and latent
  • psychodynamic perspective
46
Q

Psychoactive drugs

A

Chemicals that affect mental processes and behavior by their effects on the brain.

47
Q

Morphine drug type

A

Opiate

Good analgesic

48
Q

Meditation

A

A state of consciousness often induced by focusing on a repetitive behavior, assuming certain body positions, and minimizing external stimulation. Meditation may be intended to enhance self-knowledge, well-being, and spirituality.

49
Q

Codeine drug type

A

Opiate

Good analgesic

50
Q

Methadone drug type

A

Opiate
Doesn’t produce the same rush as heroin because taken orally
Substitute for heroin in drug treatment

51
Q

Heroin drug type

A

Opiate

Highly addictive, but does not impair cognition

52
Q

Psilocybin drug type

A

Hallucinogen

Made from mushroom

53
Q

LSD drug type

A

Hallucinogen

Synthetic

54
Q

Mescaline drug type

A

Hallucinogen

Made from cactus

55
Q

cannabis drug type

A

Hallucinogen
Made from hemp leaves/flowers/resin —> THC
varying effect based on dose

56
Q

Barbiturate drug type

A

Depressant
Prescribed for sedation
Easy to overdose

57
Q

PCP drug type

A

Hallucinogen

Synthetic

58
Q

Alcohol drug type

A

Depressant
Loosens inhibitions
Addiction begins with binge drinking

59
Q

Rohypnol drug type

A

Depressant
Date-rape
Combines terribly with alcohol

60
Q

Benzodiazepine drug type

A

Depressant
Antianxiety drug
Valium/Xanax
Can be abused –> people don’t because of the side effects

61
Q

Methamphetamine drug type

A

Stimulant

Powerful variant of amphetamine

62
Q

Cocaine drug type

A

Stimulant

Very rewarding and addictive

63
Q

Amphetamine drug type

A

Stimulant
“Speed”
Comparable to cocaine

65
Q

Caffeine drug type

A

Stimulant
Tricks reward pathways
Minor negative effects
High dosages produce anxiety

66
Q

MDMA (ecstasy) drug type

A

Stimulant
Euphoria, energy to dance for hours
Leads to dehydration, convulsions

67
Q

Opiates

A

Highly addictive drugs, derived from opium, that can produce a profound sense of well-being and have strong pain-reliving properties

68
Q

Nicotine drug type

A

Stimulant
Highly addictive
Kills 350,000 people a year

69
Q

Depressants

A

Drugs that slow down mental and physical activity by inhibiting transmission of nerve impulses in the central nervous system.

70
Q

Hallucinogens

A

Drugs that create hallucinations or alter perceptions of the external environment and inner awareness.

71
Q

Tolerance

A

The reduced effectiveness a drug has after repeated use

72
Q

Physical dependence

A

A process by which the body adjusts to, and comes to need, a drug for its everyday functioning

73
Q

Stimulants

A

Drugs that arouse the central nervous system, speeding up mental and physical responses

74
Q

Withdrawal

A

A pattern of uncomfortable or painful physical symptoms and cravings experienced by the user when the level of drug is decreased or the drug is eliminated.

75
Q

Psychological dependence

A

A desire to obtain or use a drug, even though there is no physical dependence

76
Q

Addiction

A

A condition in which a person continues to use a drug despite its adverse effects – often despite repeated attempts to discontinue using the drug. Addiction may be based in physical or psychological dependence.

77
Q

Parallel search

A

Same time

78
Q

Serial search

A

One at a time

79
Q

Attention processes

A

Parallel search, serial search, selective attention

80
Q

Somnambulism

A

Sleepwalking

Occurs during first few hours of sleeping and in stage 4

81
Q

Lucid dreaming

A

State of consciousness where you know you’re dreaming

Occurs during any REM period

82
Q

Selective attention

A

Stimulus capture

Goal driven

83
Q

Dreams

A

The series of storylike images we experience as we sleep

84
Q

Posthypnotic amnesia

A

When people report forgetting events that occurred while they were hypnotized

85
Q

Posthypnotic suggestions

A

Suggestion that a hypnotized person behave in a certain way after he or she is brought out of hypnosis

86
Q

Role theory of hypnosis

A

-Hypnosis is not an alternate state of consciousness
-people with high hypnotic suggestibility also have richer imaginations, follow directions well, and are able to focus intensely
-hypnotism = social phenomenon
Where people act out the expected role

87
Q

State theory of hypnosis

A

Hypnotism meets some parts of the definition for an altered state of consciousness

  • we change awareness
  • some dramatic health benefits
88
Q

Dissociation theory of hypnosis

A
  • division of consciousness
  • 1: responds to suggestions
    2: retains awareness of reality
89
Q

Agonists

A

Drugs that mimic neurotransmitters

-fit into receptor sites and function as neurotransmitter normally would

90
Q

Antagonists

A

Drugs that block neurotransmitters

-fit into receptor sites, but prevent natural receptors from using it

91
Q

William James

A

Author of the first psychology textbook

92
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Dream interpretation

  • method to uncover repressed information in unconscious mind
  • protected sleep: ego protects us from material in unconscious mind
93
Q

Ernest Hilgard

A

Dissociation theory of hypnosis

  • division of consciousness
  • experiment with ice water bath and lifting index finger if they could feel the pain
  • Hidden observer
94
Q

Dualism

A

The belief that thought is a nonmaterial aspect that arises from, and is independent of, a brain.
Thought gives humans free will

95
Q

Monism

A

The belief that everything is the same substance

Thought is a byproduct of brain processes and stops existing when the brain dies

96
Q

Mere-exposure effect

A

We prefer stimuli we have seen before over novel stimuli, even if we do not consciously remember seeing the old stimuli

97
Q

Priming

A

Research participants respond more quickly and/or accurately to questions they have seen before, even if they do not remember seeing them

98
Q

Blind sight

A

Some people who report being blind can nonetheless accurately describe the path of a moving object or accurately grasp objects

99
Q

Preconscious level

A

Information about self and environment that you are not currently thinking about, but could be
Memory recall

100
Q

Sleep onset

A

Period when we are falling asleep

Stage between wakefulness and sleep

101
Q

Stage 1 sleep

A

Brain produces theta waves

-waves get progressively slower and higher in amplitude

102
Q

Stage 2 sleep

A

Brain produces theta waves

-sleep spindles start

103
Q

Stage 3 & 4 sleep

A

Delta sleep

  • the slower the wave, the deeper the sleep
  • very difficult to wake
  • increases with exercise
  • replenishes body’s chemical supplies & fortifies immune system
104
Q

Blood-brain barrier

A

Brain is protected from harmful chemicals in bloodstream by thicker walls surrounding the brain’s blood vessels
-psychoactive drug molecules are small enough to pass through

105
Q

Reverse tolerance

A

If an individual ingests hallucinogen again during the persistence time period, the new dose of the chemical is added to the lingering amount
-second dose of smaller amount may cause same or greater effects

Psychology (11 decks)

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