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Psychology > Introduction and History of Psychology > Flashcards

Introduction and History of Psychology Flashcards

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0
Q

Psychology

A

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes

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1
Q

Pseudopsychology

A

Erroneous assertions or practices set forth as being scientific psychology

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2
Q

empirical approach

A

A study conducted via careful observations and scientifically based research

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3
Q

Experimental psychologists

A

Psychologists who do research on basic psychological processes- as contrasted with applied psychologists; also called research psychologists

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4
Q

Confirmation bias

A

The tendency to attend to evidence that complements and confirms our beliefs or expectations, while ignoring evidence that does not

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5
Q

Applied psychologists

A

Psychologists who use the knowledge developed by experimental psychologists to solve human problems

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6
Q

Teachers of psychology

A

Psychologists whose primary job is teaching, typically in high schools, colleges, and universities

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7
Q

Structuralism

A

A historical school of psychology devoted to uncovering the basic structures that make up the mind and thought. Structuralists sought the “elements” of conscious experience

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8
Q

Psychiatry

A

A medical specialty dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders

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9
Q

What are psychology’s historical roots?

A

Modern psychology developed from several conflicting traditions, including structuralism, functionalism, Gestalt psychology, behaviorism, and psychoanalysis.

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10
Q

Gestalt psychology

A

A historical school of psychology that sought to understand how the brain works by studying perception and perceptual learning. Gestalt psychologists believed that percepts consist of meaningful wholes (in German, Gestalts).

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11
Q

Introspection

A

The process of reporting on one’s own mental experiences

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12
Q

Functionalism

A

A historical school of psychology that believed mental processes could best be understood in terms of their adaptive purpose and function

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13
Q

What is psychology– and what is it NOT?

A

Psychology is a broad field with many specialities, but fundamentally, psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

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14
Q

Behaviorism

A

A historical school (as well as a modern perspective) that has sought to make psychology and objective science focused only on behavior- to the exclusion of mental processes

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15
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

An approach to psychology based on Sigmund Freud’s assertions, which emphasize unconscious processes. The term is used to refer broadly both to Freud’s psychoanalytic theory and to his psychoanalytic treatment method.

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16
Q

What are the perspectives psychologists use today?

A

Nine main perspectives characterize modern psychology: the biological, developmental, cognitive, psychodynamic, humanistic, behavioral, sociocultural, evolutionary/sociobiological, and trait views.

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17
Q

Biological view

A

The psychological perspective that searches for the causes of behavior in the functioning of genes, the brain and nervous system, and the endocrine (hormone) system

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18
Q

Neuroscience

A

The field devoted to understanding how the brain creates thoughts, feelings, motives, consciousness, memories, and other mental processes

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19
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

A relatively new specialty in psychology that sees behavior and mental processes in terms of their genetic adaptations for survival and reproduction

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20
Q

Developmental view

A

The psychological perspective emphasizing changes that occur across the lifespan

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21
Q

Cognitive view

A

The psychological perspective emphasizing mental processes, such as learning, memory, perception, and thinking, as forms of information processing

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22
Q

Cognitions

A

Mental processes, such as thinking, memory, sensation, and perception

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23
Q

Cognitive neuroscience

A

An interdisciplinary field emphasizing brain activity as information processing; involves cognitive psychology, neurology, biology, computer science, linguistics, and specialists from other fields who are interested in the connection between mental processes and the brain

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24
Q

Biological view

A

The psychological perspective that searches for the causes of behavior in the functioning of genes, the brain and nervous system, and the endocrine (hormone) system

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25
Q

Neuroscience

A

The field devoted to understanding how the brain creates thoughts, feelings, motives, consciousness, memories, and other mental processes

26
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

A relatively new specialty in psychology that sees behavior and mental processes in terms of their genetic adaptations for survival and reproduction

27
Q

Developmental view

A

The psychological perspective emphasizing changes that occur across the lifespan

28
Q

Cognitive view

A

The psychological perspective emphasizing mental processes, such as learning, memory, perception, and thinking, as forms of information processing

29
Q

Cognitions

A

Mental processes, such as thinking, memory, sensation, and perception

30
Q

Cognitive neuroscience

A

An interdisciplinary field emphasizing brain activity as information processing; involves cognitive psychology, neurology, biology, computer science, linguistics, and specialists from other fields who are interested in the connection between mental processes and the brain

31
Q

Clinical view

A

The psychological perspective emphasizing mental health and mental illness. Psychodynamic and humanistic psychology are variations on the clinical view.

32
Q

Psychodynamic psychology

A

A clinical viewpoint emphasizing the understanding of mental disorders in terms of unconscious needs, desires, memories, and conflicts

33
Q

Humanistic psychology

A

A clinical viewpoint emphasizing human ability, growth, potential, and free will

34
Q

Behavioral view

A

A psychological perspective that finds the source of our actions in environmental stimuli, rather than in inner mental processes

35
Q

Sociocultural view

A

A psychological perspective emphasizing the importance of social interaction, social learning, and a cultural perspective

36
Q

Culture

A

A complex blend of language, beliefs, customs, values, and traditions developed by a group of people and shared with others in the same environment

37
Q

Evolutionary/sociobiological view

A

A psychological perspective emphasizing behavior as determined by natural selection

38
Q

Trait view

A

A psychological perspective that views behavior and personality as the products of enduring psychological characteristics

39
Q

Rene Descartes

A

1596-1650
I think, therefore I am…
-mind and body = interactive machines
-brain = location for mental functioning
-human minds
•innate ideas (God)
•derived ideas (experience/reflection)

40
Q

Charles Darwin

A

1809-1882
Theory of natural selection (On the Origin of Species, 1859)
started evolutionary perspective
suggested biological kinship between humans and animals (discoveries about animals can be applied to humans)

41
Q

Edward B. Titchener

A

1867-1927
Student of Wundt; Cornell University
-founded structuralism
•precursor to biological perspective

42
Q

Max Wertheimer

A 
1880-1943
Founded Gestalt psychology
-"the whole is greater than the sum of its parts"
-perception, learning, thinking 
-precursor to cognitive psychology
43
Q

G. Stanley Hall

A

1844-1924

  • Student of William James, pioneered study of child development
  • first psychological laboratory in US @ John Hopkins University, 1883
  • Founded American Journal of Psychology, 1887
  • First president of APA, 1892
  • Said academic work would ruin a woman’s health
44
Q

William James

A

1842-1910
Published The Principles of Psychology, 1890 (first psych textbook)
-Founded functionalism
•precursor to cognitive perspective

45
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

1849-1936
Did conditioning experiments with dogs and bell
Influenced behaviorism

46
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

1856-1939

  • Interpretation of Dreams, 1900
  • Founded psychoanalytic theory
  • Discovered unconscious mind
47
Q

Carl Rogers

A

1902-1987

Humanist

48
Q

Mary Whiton Calkins

A

1863-1930

  • Studied with William James
  • denied doctorate by Harvard
  • became first woman president of APA, 1905
  • Founded psychology department at Wellesley College
49
Q

Francis Cecil Sumner

A

1895-1954
-first African-American to receive PhD in psychology
-established psychology department @ Howard University
-work with African-American girls and self-image (dolls)
•helped with desegregation

50
Q

B. F. Skinner

A

1904-1990
-Walden II (community run by behaviorist principles)
-Behaviorist • reinforcement
•founded operant conditioning theory

51
Q

Dorothea Dix

A

Reformed treatment of the mentally ill

52
Q

Margaret Floy Washburn

A

1871-1939

  • First woman to earn PhD in psychology (Cornell, 1894)
  • studied under Titchener
  • experimental work with animal behavior, motor theory development
53
Q

John B. Watson

A

1878-1958
-leader of behaviorism, “Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It”, 1913
•observable behavior
-environment = determining factor
-inherited traits, instincts don’t matter
-little Albert study

54
Q

Jean Piaget

A

1896-1980

Cognitive development theory

55
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

1832-1920
First psychological laboratory in apartment near University of Leipzig
-introspection, psychophysical measurements, reaction time
-analyzed elements of consciousness and mental processes (language, thought) through study of culture
•influenced structuralism

56
Q

Who is considered the father of psychology?

A

Wilhelm Wundt

57
Q

When, where, and by whom was the first US psychological laboratory established?

A

1883
John Hopkins University
G. Stanley Hall

58
Q

Who was the first president of the American Psychological Association?

A

G. Stanley Hall

59
Q

Who was the first woman to receive a PhD in psychology?

A

Margaret Floy Washburn

60
Q

Who was the first African-American to get a PhD in psychology?

A

Francis Cecil Sumner

61
Q

Who was the first woman president of the American Psychological Association?

A

Mary Whiton Calkins

62
Q

When, where, and by whom was the first psychology laboratory established?

A

1879
Leipzig, Germany
Wilhelm Wundt

Psychology (11 decks)

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