Staphylococcus aureus Flashcards

1
Q

Hur vekar Staff i sin miljön?

A
  1. Motil 2. kan växa i en variation av miljöer (anaerob och aerob), vid höga saltkoncentraitoner och vid temp från 18-40 grader. Finns på hunden och mukusmembran på människor.
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2
Q

Staff är en oppertunistisk bakterire, vad betyder en opertunistisk infektion?

A

En patogen (bak, virus, svamp) som utnyttjar en möjlighet som i normalfall inte finns tillgänglig, så som försvagar värd-immunsystem, förändrad mikrobiom eller rubbad yttre barriär. En penetrerande skada eller förlust av normala kommersalier kan ge möjlighet till en patogen att infektera. T.ex. staff som vi har på huden kan komma in i sår.

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3
Q

Använder Staff aueusr kapsel och slime (polysackarid)?

A

Ja. Utanför cellväggen finns en kapsel som hämmar fagocytos av mikroorganismen av polymorfonukleära leuklocyter (PMN) (Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils , kallas också granulär leukocyt).

En vattenlöslig, porös biofilm/slime-lager bestående av monsackarider och proteiner binder till vävnader och främmande kroppar så som katetrar, proteser etc.

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4
Q

Vilket enzym är målmolekyl för B-laktamantibiotika och vilken gen skyddar mot detta?

A

The enzymes that catalyze construction of the peptidoglycan layer are called penicillin-binding proteins (transpeptidaser) because these are the targets of penicillins and other β-lactam antibiotics.

Resistens mot methillicin och relateade penicillin erhålls genom genen mecA som kodar för ett PBP vid namn PBP2a som har låg affinintet för methiliccin.

Det finns också enzymer som bryter ner antibiotika som B-laktamase.

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5
Q

Vilka grupper av VF har S. aureus?

A

Strukturella komponenter

  • Kapsel: hämmar fagocytos
  • Slime: faciliterar adhesion till främmande kroppar och hämmar fagocytos
  • Peptidoglykan: ger osmotisk stabilitet, stimulerar endogena pyrogener (endotoxin-aktivitet)
  • Teikonsyra: binder till fibronektin
  • Protein A: hämmar antikroppsmedierad-clearance genom att binda IgGs Fc-receptor och dessutom verkar anti-komplementärt

Toxiner
-Cytotoxiner: Porbildande samt sfingomyelinas. Verkar på erytrocyter, epitelceller, fibroblaster, leukocyter, makrofager och plättar. T.ex. toxin A, B och PV-leukocidin. Ger vävnadsförstörelse i sår, lungor, ben, bindväv.
-Superantigen:
oExfoliativa (ETA och ETB): Serin-proteaser som klyver intercellulära bryggor (desmosomer) i stratum granulosum i epidermis och ger SSSS
oEnterotoxiner (A-R): Stimulerar proliferation och aktivering av T-celler, frisättning av inflammatoriska cytokiner som IL-1 och TNF samt mastcellsaktivering. Ökar peristaltik och ger vätskeförlust samt förvirring och kräkning
o Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1): Stimulerar proliferation och aktivering av T-celler, ger läkage av kapillärer och inflammation och även cellulär destruktion av endotelceller. Ger chock, hypotension och organsvikt.

Enzymer

  • Koagulas: konverterar fibrinogen till fibrin. Gömmer och skyddar bakterien
  • Hyaluronidas: hydroliserar glykosaminglykan i bindväv, främjar spridning i vävnad).
  • Fibrinolysin: bryter ner fibrin-clottar
  • Lipaser: hydrolyserar lipider. Ger vävndsdestruktio och energi till bakterirenra att växa
  • Nukleaser: hydrolserar DNA.
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6
Q

Vid tillväxt vid inbindningstället är det viktigt att kunna tillväxa snabbt och uttrycka adhesionsproteiner, för att vid ett senare skede när kolonin är stor nog, gå över och uttrycka enzymer som ger vävnadsdestuktion (hydrolytiska enzymer). Vad är det som styr detta?

A

Uttrycket av virulensfaktorer är under kontroll av komplexa regulatoriska system, t.ex. ARG (accessory gene regulator). Detta är ett quorum-sensing-kontrollsystem som tillåter uttryck av adhesionproteiner och främjar kolonisering när densiteten av bakterier är låg och hydrolytiska enzymer och toxiner när densiteten är hög

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7
Q

De cytolytiska toxinerna är Toxin alfa, beta och PV-leukocidin. Vad gör de?

A

The cytolytic toxins have been described as hemolysins, but this is a misnomer because the activities of the first four toxins are not restricted solely to red blood cells, The cytotoxins can lyse neutrophils, resulting in the release of the lysosomal enzymes that subsequently damage the surrounding tissues. P-V leukocidin är särskilt länkad till lunginfetkioner och hudinfektioner.

Alfa: It becomes integrated in the hydrophobic regions of hostcell membrane, leading to formation of 1- to 2-nm pores. The rapid efflux of K+ and influx of Na+, Ca2+, and other small molecules leads to osmotic swelling and cell lysis. Alpha toxin is believed to be an important mediator of tissue damage

Beta: sfingomyelinas. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids in susceptible cells, with lysis.

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8
Q

Vilka är superantigenen och vilka sjukdomar är de associerade med?

A

1) Exfoliative toxin A, 2) the enterotoxins, and 3) TSST-1 belong to a class of polypeptides known as superantigens. These toxins bind to class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC II) molecules on macrophages, which, in turn, interact with the variable regions of the β subunit of specific T-cell receptors (VβTCR). This results in a massive release of cytokines by both macrophages (IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α) and T cells (IL-2, interferon-γ, and TNF-β). Release of TNF-α and TNF-β is associated with hypotension and shock, and fever is associated with IL-1β release.
1) Exfoliative toxins (ETA och ETB – scaled skin syndrome): The toxins are serine (serin) proteases that split desmoglein-1, a member of a family of cell adhesion structures (desmosomes) responsible for forming the intercellular bridges in the stratum granulosum epidermis.
2) Enterotoxiner (A och B – matförgiftning): These toxins are superantigens, capable of inducing activation of T cells and massive cytokine release. Characteristic histologic changes in the stomach and jejunum include infiltration of neutrophils into the epithelium and underlying lamina propria, with loss of the brush border in the jejunum.
3) TSST-1 is a superantigen that stimulates release of cytokines, producing leakage of endothelial cells at low concentrations and a cytotoxic effect to the endotel cells at high concentrations. The ability of TSST-1 to penetrate mucosal barriers, even though the infection remains localized in the vagina or at the site of a wound, is responsible for the systemic effects of TSS. Death in patients with TSS is cause by hypovolemic shock, leading to multiorgan failure.

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9
Q

Vilka enzymer använder s.aureus? (4st)

A

1) S. aureus strains possess two forms of coagulase: bound and free. Coagulase bound to the staphylococcal cell wall can directly convert fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin and cause the staphylococci to clump, protecting the organisms from phagocytosis.
2) Staphylococcus produce several different lipases that hydrolyze lipids
3) nuclease that can hydrolyze viscous DNA.
4) Hyaluronidaser (katalyserar nedbrytning av glykosaminglykan i bindväv, främjar spridning i vävnad).

Näring och invasionsmöjliget i vävnader

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10
Q

Berätta lite om epidemiologin om s.aureus?

A
  • Normalflora hud och mukosamembran
  • Kan överleva på torra ytor länge
  • Direktkontaktspridning eller kontaminerade föremål/mat

S. aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci are also found in the oropharynx, gastrointestinal tract, and urogenital tract.

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11
Q

Kliniska syndrom orskade av s. aureus, ge exempel på ett par.

A

S. aureus causes disease through the production of toxins or through the direct invasion and destruction of tissue.

Staphylococcus aureus, Toxin-Mediated Diseases:

1) Scalded skin syndrome: disseminated desquamation of epithelium in infants; blisters with no organisms or leukocytes
2) Food poisoning: after consumption of food contaminated with heat-stable enterotoxin, rapid onset of severe vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal cramping, with resolution within 24 hours. The contaminated food will not appear or taste tainted. Subsequent heating of the food will kill the bacteria but not inactivate the heat-stable toxin.
3) Toxic shock: multisystem intoxication characterized initially by fever, hypotension, and a diffuse, macular erythematous rash; high mortality without prompt antibiotic therapy and elimination of the focus of infection

Suppurative Infections:

Hudinfektioner, Wound infections, Urinary tract infections, Catheter and shunt infections, Pneumonia and empyem.

Bacteremia and endocarditis: spread of bacteria into the blood from a focus of infection; endocarditis characterized by damage to the endothelial lining of the heart

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12
Q

Hur diagnostiseras/identifieras s.aureus?

A

Mirkoskop - Staphylococci are gram-positive cocci that form clusters when grown on agar. Diagnosis of these diseases is made by the clinical presentation of the patient, with isolation of S. aureus in culture confirmatory.

Staphylococcus aureus uppvisar normalt gulvita kolonier på blodagarplatta, ofta med en hemolyszon runt kolonin. Eftersom denna bakterie bedömdes ha orsakat symptomen, utfördes flera tester för att art- och resistensbestämma denna kolonityp. Koagulas- och DNas-tester är standardtester för att verifiera att det rör sig om en S. aureus. Denna art uppvisade positivt resultat på båda dessa tester till skillnad från flera andra stafylokockarter.

Clinical specimens should be inoculated onto nutritionally enriched agar media supplemented with sheep blood. Staphylococci grow aerobically or anaerobically. Yellow. Room temperautr. Most staphylococci produce hemolysis on sheep blood agar. The hemolysis is caused by cytotoxins, particularly alpha toxin. S. aureus can be isolated selectively on a variety of special media, including mannitol-salt agar, and 7.5% sodium chloride.

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13
Q

En kille ramlar på fotbollsträningen och knät blir svullet, ont och svullet. aspireras på sjukhuset. Sedan blir det därefter värre, det blir rött, feber, och illamående. Kulturer tas, som visar på s. aureus.

Nämn 2 möjliga källor till organismen?

A

This patient has septic arthritis caused by S. aureus. The organism could have been introduced into the joint either by direct extension from the skin surface, or when the synovial fluid was originally aspirated.

Even though the skin surface appeared to be unbroken, localized trauma of this nature can introduce organisms into the deeper skin tissues.Alternatively, bacteria on the skin surface could have been introduced into the joint when the accumulated fluid was originally aspirated.

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14
Q

Hur skiljer sig kliniska symtom mellan olika sjukdomar orakade av s. aureus och vilka sjukdomar är orsakade av toxiner?

A

Staphylococcal diseases can be subdivided into two categories: localized pyogenic infections and disseminated toxin-mediated infections. Cutaneous infections (e.g., impetigo, folliculitis, furuncles, carbuncles), wound infections, endocarditis, pneumonia, empyema (förekomst av var i kroppshålighet), osteomyelitis, and septic arthritis are examples of localized pyogenic infections. Each is characterized by localized tissue destruction and abscess formation.

SSSS, TSS, and staphylococcal food poisoning are examples of toxinmediated infections. Each is characterized by utspridda symptoms and an absence of purulence.

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15
Q

Vilka toxiner använder sig s.aureus av? vilka enzymer?

A

Toxins that spread systemically in the blood and are responsible for the clinical symptoms: SSSS (från exfoliative toxins(ETA, ETB), TSS (från TSST-1), and food poisoning (från enterotoxins (A-R).

Five groups of cytolytic toxins are responsible for the tissue destruction characteristic of pyogenic staphylococcal infections: alpha toxin, beta toxin (sphingomyelinase C), and P-V leukocidin toxin. P-V leukocidin is associated with fulminant wound and pulmonary infections.

A variety of staphylococcal enzymes have also been implicated in disease, including coagulases (bound and free), catalase, hyaluronidase, fibrinolysin (staphylokinase), lipases, nuclease, and β-lactamases.

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16
Q

Vilka strukturer på staff cellen och toxiner skyddar den mot fagocytos?

A

Staphylococci are protected from phagocytosis by their capsule; a loosely bound slime layer consisting of monosaccharides, and protein A.

17
Q

Vilka antibiotika används mot s-aureus? ge 2 exempel

A

Effective treatment of staphylococcal infections requires drainage of purulent collections and effective antibiotics. Because resistance to antibiotics is common, antimicrobial susceptibility tests must be performed. Almost 90% of staphylococci produce β-lactamases, so penicillin G is ineffective. β-Lactamase-resistant penicillins (e.g., methicillin, oxacillin, nafcillin, dicloxacillin) are effective and considered the drugs of choice if the antibiotics are active against the bacteria. If resistance is determined (commonplace in many hospitals), vancomycin should be used to treat serious staphylococcal infections.

18
Q

Behandling s.aures?

A

Staphylococci quickly developed drug resistance after penicillin was introduced, and today less than 10% of the strains are susceptible to this antibiotic. This resistance is mediated by penicillinase (β-lactamase–specific for penicillins), that hydrolyzes the β-lactam ring of penicillin. Because of the problems with penicillin-resistant staphylococci, semisynthetic penicillins resistant to βlactamase hydrolysis (e.g., methicillin, nafcillin, oxacillin, dicloxacillin) were developed. Unfortunately, the staphylococci developed resistance to these antibiotics as well.

Currently, the majority of S. aureus responsible for hospital- and community-acquired infections are resistant to these semisynthetic penicillins, and these MRSA strains are resistant to all β-lactam antibiotics (i.e., penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems). Not all bacteria in a resistant population may express their resistance in traditional susceptibility tests (heterogeneous resistance); therefore, the definitive method for identifying a resistant isolate is detection of the MecA gene that codes for the penicillin-binding protein (PBP2a) that confers resistance.