Stages Of Learning Flashcards
What is learning?
A permanent change in behaviour
What is performance?
A temporary occurrence that can change from time to time because of many external and internal influences.
What are the stages of learning?
Cognitive
Associative
Autonomous
What is the cognitive stage of learning?
The first stage of learning used by a novice.
Understanding and sub-routines are explored by trial and error.
What is the associative stage of learning?
The second stage of learning as motor programmes are developed and performance is smoother.
What is the autonomous stage of learning?
The final stage of learning used by an expert when movement is detailed and specific.
What are the characteristics of the cognitive stage?
Trial and error Use of models Mental rehearsal of the skill is required Many mistakes are made Movements are uncoordinated Have to think about the skill Motor programmes are not yet formed.
What feedback is used in the cognitive stage?
Extrinsic from the coach to direct performance and highlight weaknesses
Positive so performer will persevere with learning
Knowledge of results so successful actions are repeated and unsuccessful actions are modified.
What are the characteristics of the associative stage?
Begin to have an understanding Development of skills and tactics Uses rules to advantage Motor programmes developing Consistency improves - make fewer mistakes Compare to model more Some never get past this stage Movement is smoother Focus on finer aspects of skill Demonstrations and mental rehearsal still required to aid learning
What feedback is used in the associative stage?
Positive feedback to aid learning
Kinaesthesis begins to develop, so intrinsic used to correct movement
Extrinsic still used to refine actions
Begins to use knowledge of performance
What are the characteristics of the autonomous stage?
Expert Have perfect skill Consistent Apply strategy all the time Almost automatic Habitual due to extensive practice Movements are fluent and efficient Motor programmes are fully formed Concentration of finer details, tactics and advanced strategies
What feedback is used in the autonomous stage?
Uses intrinsic to correct their own mistakes by means of kinaesthesis
Extrinsic can be negative to aid error correction
Uses knowledge of performance to understand why the action was successful or not.
What an example of the cognitive stage?
A hockey player who is initially learning to dribble will be very slow.
Their movements will be uncoordinated.
Their head will be down to watch the ball and will often lose it
Rely on coach and don’t know how it should feel
Coach will give demonstrations
What’s an example of the associative stage?
A gymnast on a beam will have practised and mastered the basic skills and will now be able to execute more complex movements.
They can now use intrinsic feedback as they develop kinaesthesis
Can look up and forward, rather than down at their feet
What is an example of the autonomous stage?
A basketball player will be able to dribble the ball fluently and consistently without having to look down at the ball.
They are able to scan the court for passing options without concentrating on controlling the ball, as it is being controlled automatically.
They can correct errors they make immediately, without assistance from the coach.
What is a plateau?
A period of no improvement in performance
What is a learning curve?
A visual representation of what happens when a closed skill is performed repeatedly over a period of time by a novice. The skill in question might be a new or novel task and the performer learns the skill from scratch.
What does a learning curve show?
How the rate of learning of a performer doing a closed skill over a period of time can vary.
What is stage 1 of the learning curve?
Where the rate of learning is slow and performance level is poor because the performer is new to the task and is in the cognitive stage of learning, working out the required sub-routines of the task and possibly using trial and error learning.
What is stage 2 of the learning curve?
There is a rapid acceleration in the rate of learning because the performer as begun to master the task and gain some success, providing reinforcement and motivation.
What is stage 3 of the learning curve?
There is no evidence in the rate of learning and the performance has reached a plateau. The performer maintains the same level
What is stage 4 of the learning curve?
A period towards the end of the task when, perhaps due to fatigue, the performer may actually deteriorate.
What’s drive reduction?
An end-of-task period when performance may get worse
There is a drop in the rate of improvement and the performance may actually start to get worse.
Why does drive reduction occur?
The performer has gained success on the task and the initial drive to succeed has been lost; the challenge of mastering the task has been overcome and a new challenge or extension to the task is needed to maintain motivation.
What causes the plateau?
Lack of motivation - lack of incentives or extrinsic rewards
Boredom - repetitive nature of a closed skill may cause boredom.
Coaching - knowledge of the coach. Incorrect instructions or practice methods.
Limit of ability - may not improve simply because they have reached the full extent of their ability.
Targets set too low - task is one that does not allow the learner to use full range of their skills.
Fatigue
Fitness level
What are the solutions to the plateau?
Extend the challenge and set new goals Find a new coach Praise and reinforcement Rest to avoid fatigue Add variety in training Explain the plateau effect Seek further feedback Selecting correct presentation of practice Different teaching style.
