❌Information Processing

Question 1

What is information processing?

Answer 1

The methods by which data from the environment are collected and utilised.

Question 2

What are the stages?

Answer 2

Input
Decision making
Output

Question 3

What is the input stage?

Answer 3

Information picked up by the senses

Question 4

What is the display?

Answer 4

The sporting environment

E.g - opposition, court/pitch, crowd, ball, officials, team mates

Question 5

What are the senses?

Answer 5

They pick up information from the display.

Sight, auditory, touch, balance, kinesthesis.

Question 6

What are the receptor systems?

Answer 6

The senses that pick up information from the display

Question 7

What are proprioceptors?

Answer 7

The senses that provide internal information from within the body.

Question 8

What is Kinesthesis?

Answer 8

The inner sense that gives information about body position and muscular tension.

Question 9

What are external and internal senses?

Answer 9

External is hearing and sight

Internal is touch, balance and kinesthesis

Question 10

What is decision making?

Answer 10

The second stage of information processing.
The performer must make a decision based on all information collected by the senses.
In order to make such decisions, selective attention and memory are important.

Question 11

What is selective attention?

Answer 11

Filtering relevant information from irrelevant information

Question 12

How can performers enhance their selective attention?

Answer 12

Learning to focus and concentrate on the important information, getting used to the idea of a stimulus.
It this stimulus is made more intense, loud or bright when the performer is training, it will help to develop the art of concentration.
Improved motivation - positive comments
Application of mental practice
Optimal arousal levels
Highlight specific cues
Warning signals - ‘man on’

Question 13

What are the benefits of selective attention?

Answer 13

Aids concentration - more likely to make correct decision
Improves reaction time
Filters out any distractions
Controls arousal levels
Reduces the chance of information overload in the STM.

Question 14

What’s perception?

Answer 14

The process of coding and interpreting sensory information

Question 15

What’s the DCR?

Answer 15

The perceptual stage of information processing involves three aspects of activity called detection, comparison and recognition.

Question 16

What does detection mean?

Answer 16

The performer has picked up the relevant information and identified that information as important, using the senses and selective attention.

Question 17

What does comparison mean?

Answer 17

Involves trying to match the information identified as important to information already in the memory of the performer.

Question 18

What does recognition mean?

Answer 18

The performer has used information from the memory to identify an appropriate response. This response can then be put into action.

Question 19

What are the translatory mechanisms?

Answer 19

Adapting and comparing coded information to memory so that decisions can be made.

Question 20

What does the translatory mechanism use?

Answer 20

Past experiences so that information received can be linked with these experiences and sent to the memory system.
Similar actions which have been stored in memory can be recognised and then used.
Actions are stored in the memory as motor programmes.
The mechanism uses coded information from the perceptual process to pick out an appropriate motor programme

Question 21

What are actions stored as in memory?

Answer 21

Motor programmes

Question 22

What is the effector mechanism?

Answer 22

The network of nerves that sends coded information to the muscles.

Question 23

What’s the output?

Answer 23

The effector mechanism and the muscular output

Question 24

How do muscles receive information?

Answer 24

In the form of coded impulses and once this impulse is received, then the muscles will contract and the response can begin

Question 25

What is feedback?

Answer 25

If information used during or after the response to aid movement correction.

Question 26

What’s the perceptual mechanism?

Answer 26

Gather information - selective attention, DCR

Question 27

Who created the information processing model?

Answer 27

Whiting

Question 28

What’s the order of information processing according to Whiting?

Answer 28

The environment 
The display 
Receptor system (senses) 
The perceptual mechanism (selective attention, then DCR) 
Translatory mechanism (memory system)
Effector mechanisms 
Muscle contraction 
Output (response)
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