❌Information Processing Flashcards
What is information processing?
The methods by which data from the environment are collected and utilised.
What are the stages?
Input
Decision making
Output
What is the input stage?
Information picked up by the senses
What is the display?
The sporting environment
E.g - opposition, court/pitch, crowd, ball, officials, team mates
What are the senses?
They pick up information from the display.
Sight, auditory, touch, balance, kinesthesis.
What are the receptor systems?
The senses that pick up information from the display
What are proprioceptors?
The senses that provide internal information from within the body.
What is Kinesthesis?
The inner sense that gives information about body position and muscular tension.
What are external and internal senses?
External is hearing and sight
Internal is touch, balance and kinesthesis
What is decision making?
The second stage of information processing.
The performer must make a decision based on all information collected by the senses.
In order to make such decisions, selective attention and memory are important.
What is selective attention?
Filtering relevant information from irrelevant information
How can performers enhance their selective attention?
Learning to focus and concentrate on the important information, getting used to the idea of a stimulus.
It this stimulus is made more intense, loud or bright when the performer is training, it will help to develop the art of concentration.
Improved motivation - positive comments
Application of mental practice
Optimal arousal levels
Highlight specific cues
Warning signals - ‘man on’
What are the benefits of selective attention?
Aids concentration - more likely to make correct decision
Improves reaction time
Filters out any distractions
Controls arousal levels
Reduces the chance of information overload in the STM.
What’s perception?
The process of coding and interpreting sensory information
What’s the DCR?
The perceptual stage of information processing involves three aspects of activity called detection, comparison and recognition.
What does detection mean?
The performer has picked up the relevant information and identified that information as important, using the senses and selective attention.
What does comparison mean?
Involves trying to match the information identified as important to information already in the memory of the performer.
What does recognition mean?
The performer has used information from the memory to identify an appropriate response. This response can then be put into action.
What are the translatory mechanisms?
Adapting and comparing coded information to memory so that decisions can be made.
What does the translatory mechanism use?
Past experiences so that information received can be linked with these experiences and sent to the memory system.
Similar actions which have been stored in memory can be recognised and then used.
Actions are stored in the memory as motor programmes.
The mechanism uses coded information from the perceptual process to pick out an appropriate motor programme
What are actions stored as in memory?
Motor programmes
What is the effector mechanism?
The network of nerves that sends coded information to the muscles.
What’s the output?
The effector mechanism and the muscular output
How do muscles receive information?
In the form of coded impulses and once this impulse is received, then the muscles will contract and the response can begin
What is feedback?
If information used during or after the response to aid movement correction.
What’s the perceptual mechanism?
Gather information - selective attention, DCR
Who created the information processing model?
Whiting
What’s the order of information processing according to Whiting?
The environment The display Receptor system (senses) The perceptual mechanism (selective attention, then DCR) Translatory mechanism (memory system) Effector mechanisms Muscle contraction Output (response) Feedback
