SSCI 315 Study Guide Part 1 Flashcards
1.) what are some examples of important progress in improving health worldwide over the last 50 years?
Never before so few young children die each year, of few women died cause of maternal causes. Enormous progress against vaccine-preventable diseases and against tropical diseases. In addition, the consumption of tobacco (best way to help health of minority pop) which is a risk for noncommunicable diseases, has decreased in many countries.
2.) What are some global health challenges that remain to be addressed?
There are neonatal, maternal, and nutritional causes of communicable diseases. Growing burden of non-communicable diseases in low and middle income countries. Burden of injuries from car accidents.
3.) How might one define health, public health, and global health?
Health:
a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
Public health:
promoting physical and mental health through organized community efforts. Control of community infections or a country, make sure each member in a community has adequate maintenance of health
Global health:
Priority of achieving equity of health for all people worldwide. Involves many disciplines within and beyond health sciences interdisciplinary collaboration. Synthesis of population-based prevention at individual-level clinical care.
4.) What are some examples of public health activities?
Campaign to promote childhood immunization in a particular country, get people in cities to use seatbelts when drive, and actions to get people to eat healthier and stop smoking tobacco.
5.) What are some examples of global health issues?
Impact of a growing and aging worldwide population. Potential risks of climate change on health. How can countries managed their healthcare system to get Maximize health for population given the resources.
6.) What are the key differences between the approach of medicine and the approach of public health?
The focus of public health is on the health of populations rather than on the health of individuals. Moreover, public health specialist want to ensure a whole community is vaccinated while medicine only a particular disease for an individual.
7.) What are some of the most important challenges to health globally?
Effects of natural disasters, the impact of climate change. Women dying of pregnancy-related causes. Undernutrition of children. Spread of communicable and non-communicable diseases worldwide.
8.) Why should everyone be concerned about critical health issues?
This is because global health requires cooperation. And many health issues require action of agencies beyond the health sector. Intersectoral approaches are needed for burden of disease in any country. Disease knows no bounds of borders between countries.
9.) What are the Sustainable development Goals and how are they related to health?
1.) No poverty
2.) zero hunger
3.) Good health and Well-being
4.) Quality education
5.) gender equality
6.) Clean water and sanitation
7.) Affordable and clean energy
8.) Decent work and economic growth
9.) Industry innovation
10.) Reduced inequalities
11.) Sustainable cities and communities
12.) Responsible production and consumption
13.) Climate action
14.) Life below water
15.) Life on land
16.) Peace, justice, and strong institutions
17.) Partnerships for the goals
Goals 1, 2,4 and 6 all related to relationship of achieving a good well-being.
10.) What were some of the keys to the eradication of smallpox? What lessons does the smallpox eradication program suggest for other global health programs?
Political and leadership commitment between WHO and the US centers for disease control and prevention. As the success of countries was on having someone who was responsible for eradication effort. Small WHO member teams frequently made trips to review progress. As program managers exchange information and lessons from working on it from different countries.
11.) Why should we care about the health of people in other parts of the world?
First, because populations of interest can be anywhere in low, middle, or high-income countries. Since the pandemic can affect everyone since the movement of people is increasing. Thus, data sharing is important. Second, global health solutions will be utilized regardless of high or low-income country. Countries and communities will have to share cultural knowledge and other resources to solve a disease work from there could be used at home too.
12.) Why is global health so trendy nowadays?
Because it provokes a great deal of media, students, and faculty interest, and you can actually show results in terms of disease eradication to individualized medicine. Supported by governments as a component of foreign policy. And major philanthropic targets.
14.) What is the link between development and health?
Throughout history, improved health has been one of the main benefits of development. Having an unhealthy population would not attract investment and pose various security threats.
15.) Why is it so hard to define global health?
It’s hard to define global health because it is often more than a rephrasing of a common definition of public health or a politically correct updating of international health. Moreover, people do not agree on whether global health is somewhere else or not. How it should be pratice
16.) What is public health? Does global health= public health? Should we see global health as public health somewhere else?
Public health is promoting physical and mental health through organized community efforts. A focus on populations rather than on individuals, emphasis on prevention rather than curative care.
Global health does not equal public health. Vertical approach is disease driven while the horizontal is community-based.
Practcing Public health somewhere else is the notion that involves implied assumptions of an expertise gradient, limited understanding of accountability and inefficient interventions
17.) Does international health=global health?
No, international health is a term used to describe health work abroad. With a focus on low and middle-income countries and tropical diseases. Limited to diseases of the developing world. While global health is trying to make health equitable for all countries
18.) what are the area of overlap between global health, public health, and international health?
Priority on a population-based and preventative focus; concentration on poorer, vulnerable, and underserved populations;
multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary approaches; emphasis on health as a public good and the importance of systems and structures; and participation of stakeholders.
19.) What does it mean to say that global health is multidisciplinary? What makes it interdisciplinary as well?
Global health is multidisciplinary because it involves more than one field looking at the problem but stays within its boundaries; while interdisciplinary makes the two fields be linked and combined or coordinate into one. Fields such as social since of global health and biology.
20.) How has The Who in global health research determined the what and where and why is that bad? Is the word global health research redundant? Why might global health research be called health equity research to instead?
The ‘who’ is those who frame the question, conduct the research, circulate the findings or constitute its audience. The what is the quest for equity and where low-resource settings.
Since global health research has been lead by high income countries conducting studies in low and middle income countries. And research mainly determined for high-income audiences. trying to decolonized global health, privileged diseases over systems. Should have them interpret global health research since experience equity gap first. Dominated by people with a biomedical background limit elsewhere of diverse viewpoints.
Yes, global health research is redundant. Instead called health equity research given the risk of equating global health problems to transitional health problems (change from one condition). Because there are still knowledge from within lower income countries that higher income countries can learn. Important research that is still being conducted.
21.) What was the relationship between colonial (and missionary) medicine and the imperial project (empire building)?
Seen as a form of helping colonized and at the same time, there was the expansion of the empire. Colonies served as laboratories. medicine served as an excuse to colonize. Hierarchical dynamic
Importance of historical reflection. Colombian exchange and the birth of tropical medicine.
22.) What changes did the germ theory of disease being to colonial medicine?
Introduced a nonhuman target for disease control efforts. But also a new vector of the healthy carrier. Whose hygiene practices were important for disease control.
Such as Typhoid Mary. And Phillipses were considered backwards. Possibly appealing for medical research in colonies.
23.) What connections were there between advances in communication and transportation and health?
Different pathogens could be transported as a result of transportation making health worse. But communication helps to give messages quickly and could give a more rapid response to epidemics and give out warnings of the diseases.
24.) How were the international health institutions that emerged after WW 2 different from earlier ones? How were they similar?
The international health institutions are still heavily influenced by colonial medicine in the power strcture. But we’re more discussion of a rights-based community. Universal membership and decentralization. WHO created. Reorganized around development
There was still inequity in health as before.
25.) Why has it been possible to eradicate smallpox but not malaria? What forms resistance were there to the smallpox eradication program in India, what caused them, and why is it important to acknowledge them?
Smallpox easy to eradicate cause symptoms were easily identifiable. No asymptomatic carriers and no carrier state. Vaccine was not heat sensitive.
Religious bases for resistance were the primary form of it in India. Some consent to individuals of their own religion or distrust.
Important to acknowledge them cause learn strategies of convincing the leaders . Useful knowledge for future vaccine programs. Have a more sympathetic approach.
Distrust of state. Or previous vaccination campaign, superstition and apathy.
