PS 230 EXAM 3 Practice Flashcards

1
Q

What is cooperation?

A
  1. ) Cooperation is not equivalent to harmony
  2. ) Harmony requires complete identity of interests
  3. ) but cooperation can only take place when there are situations that contain a mixture of conflicting and complementary interests
  4. ) cooperation occurs when actors adjust their behavior to the actual or anticipated preferences of others
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2
Q

Why do states have such a difficult time achieving cooperation under conditions of anarchy in the neoliberal analysis?

A

States often have common interests but the existence of such interests is only a necessary not sufficient condition for cooperation

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3
Q

What kind of image theorists are neoliberalism?

A

Third kind

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4
Q

What is the point of diversion for neoliberals and neorealists?

A

Point at which diverge is when talking about the question of whether they can achieve cooperation

Since neoliberals argue that while difficult cooperation can be achieve

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5
Q

What are Hans Morgenthalw 5 principle of political realism?

A
  1. ) politics are governed by objective laws, root in human nature, hasn’t change since the days of ancient China, India, and Greece
  2. ) the main signpost that helps political realism find its way through the landscape of international politics. Concept of interest defined in terms of power
  3. ) objective category which is universally valid
  4. ) political realism aware of the moral insignificance of political action
  5. ) refuses to identify the moral aspirations of a particular nation with laws that govern the universe
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6
Q

What is power?

A

Anything that establishes or maintains control over a man. From physical violence to most psychological lies.

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7
Q

What is political realism?

A

Aware of the moral insignificance of political action

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8
Q

What is a game in game theory?

A

Formal model of a strategic situation.

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9
Q

What is a strategic situation in a game?

A

Situation in which a players best move depends on the player herself and to a certain degree on the others players best move.

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10
Q

What does self-interested mean?

A

Means to primarily interested in obtaining the highest utility possible. Hence utility maximizers.

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11
Q

Why is it important to analyze prisoners dilemma?

A

Because neoliberals argue that the international system resembles a game of prisoners dilemma.

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12
Q

What is Tanya’s prefer outcome? What is Tanya’s least prefer outcome?

A

Cooperate- remain silent, and defect-talk

1.) (D, C)

2,) (C, D)

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13
Q

What is 1 year in jail?

A

(C, C) cooperate cooperate

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14
Q

What is Tanya’s prefer outcome?

A

(D,C)>(C,C)> (D,D)>(C,D)

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15
Q

What are the payoff numbers? 5>3>2>1

A

These numbers are payoff and not years. They are meaningless. Highest payoff 0 years is 5.

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16
Q

What is complete and transitive?

A

Tanya’s preferences are complete (Tanya’s has preferences for every outcome) she prefers 0 to 1. and transitive if Tanya prefers D,D. Tanya’s preference greater number be prefer.

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17
Q

What is Clinique’s prefer outcome?

A

(C,D)>(C,C)>(D,D)>(D,C) inverse of Tanya last two.

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18
Q

What does it mean to solve or ends or settle the game of prisoners dilemma?

A

Nash equilibrium.

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19
Q

How to solve prisoners dilemma?

A

Ask we solve the game by asking what is a players best reply given strategy of the other player.

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20
Q

How to denote Tanya’s best move?

A

Place a hash mark _ under the number of 5 of Clinique cooperates: stays quite.

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21
Q

What is cooperate? What is defect?

A

The dominated strategy because is not rational. Defect is Tanya’s dominant strategy.

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22
Q

Why is Tanya’s better defecting?

A

Because she will always get a higher payoff. If she snitches. Instrumentally rational utility maximizers never play dominated strategies.

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23
Q

How do we indicated a dominated strategy?

A

We draw a line across the first row. ————————————————

Deleting it out.

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24
Q

What about Cinque?

A

It’s the same as Tanya. Defect

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25
Q

How do we indicate Cinque best move?

A

Two hash marks. _ _ and a cross line

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26
Q

What is the best outcomes of equilibrium?

A

Defect and Defect. Circle 2,2. 5 years each.

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27
Q

What is the collectively optimal outcome?

A

Cooperate and cooperate. The other is suboptimal defect and defect.

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28
Q

What is 2,2 an inferior outcome?

A

This is because no player off is not better off. Moving to 3,3.

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29
Q

What is a Pareto superior?

A

Nash equilibrium is an outcome that a move to a different outcome would automatically make one player worse off. Moving from 3,3 to other. From cooperate cooperate.

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30
Q

What is the Pareto efficient?

A

It’s 3,3. 1 year in jail.

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31
Q

Why do we study Prisoner’s dilemma?

A

Because according to Neoliberals. A prisoners dilemma resembles the international system they argue.

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32
Q

What is the Nash equilibrium?

A

It’s 2,2. Or defect and defect. Which is the end of the game circle. And suboptimal, inefficient, or inferior strategy.

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33
Q

What is the optimal, efficient and superior strategy?

A

3,3 or cooperate. Because if someone moves no one will be worse off.

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34
Q

What is the suboptimal strategy?

A

If players move at least one will be better off.

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35
Q

What is the system of the ordering principle?

A

Anarchy.

36
Q

Why do Neoliberals argue that their could be no cooperation?

A

Because there are no contracts. Which are rights and obligations that states must maintain.

37
Q

Why will the game always end in defect?

A

Because of cheating.

38
Q

What is another word for mechanism in the Prisoner’s dilemma?

A

International regimes implicit or explicit.

39
Q

What is the sucker’s payoff?

A

5,1 or 5,1

40
Q

What is A’s ordering preference vs B’s?

A

A’s ordering: dc>cc>dd>cd

B’s ordering: cd>cc>dd>dc

41
Q

What is instrumentally rational?

A

Means to get the most pleasure out of a situation.

42
Q

What does it mean utility maximizers?

A

They are interested in obtaining the highest utility possible. Self interested.

43
Q

What does a rational utility maximizers always play in terms of strategy?

A

They always play a Dominant strategy. Never a dominated strategy.

44
Q

What side is player A on the squares?

A

To the left or west.

45
Q

What is Nash equilibrium?

A

Defect or the solution to the game.

46
Q

How do we indicate a players best strategy in Prisoners dilemma?

A

One hash mark. A and two B. Draw a line across. To cut out the rest.

47
Q

What is a Pareto improvement?

A

A move from a Pareto inferior to a Pareto superior.

48
Q

What is a Pareto inferior?

A

The move would make at least one player better off. The move will make no player worse off.

49
Q

Do states prefer mutual cooperation?

A

Yes

50
Q

What is the ordering principle of the international system?

A

Anarchy.

51
Q

What do neorealists argue about Prisoners dilemma? Aka not trust other states

A

Because there is not international 911 for help. To protect from physical attacks.

52
Q

What are principles and norms definition?

A

Principles are beliefs of fact, causation, and rectitude.

Norms are standards of behavior in terms of rights and obligations.

53
Q

What are rules?

A

explicit prescription or proscription.

54
Q

What are the 5 assumptions about the international system?

A
  1. ) the international system is anarchic. Ordering principle does not equal chaos
  2. ) states inherently possess some offensive military capability. Which gives them wehrewidrawl to hurt each other
  3. ) states can never be certain about each other’s intentions
  4. ) the most basic motive driving states is survival
  5. ) states think strategically and instrumentally rational.
55
Q

What are the 4 regimes and definitions?

A
  1. ) principles: beliefs of facts, causation, and rectitude
  2. ) norms: standards of behavior defined in terms of rights and obligations
  3. ) rules: specific prescriptions or proscriptions for action
  4. ) decision making procedures: prevailing practices for making and implementing collective choice.
56
Q

What does it mean to enforce contracts?

A

Rights and obligations

57
Q

What do instrumentally rational utility maximizers never do?

A

Play a dominated strategy.

58
Q

What is a Pareto superior, efficient, or optimal? What is a Pareto inferior?

A

Is when an outcome that a move to a different outcome would automatically make one player worse off.

The move would make at least one player better off. And the move will make no player worse off.

59
Q

Why can’t both parties agree to cooperate in Prisoners dilemma?

A

Because they fear cheating.

60
Q

How do regimes facilitate cooperation?

A

Because they provide states with information and reputations of members raising costs associated with noncompliance

61
Q

How is a prisoners dilemma to interstate relations?

A

Because the system is anarchical and no agent to enforce contracts. Fear of cheating suckers payoff.

62
Q

What does enforcement mean?

A

Attaching penalties.

63
Q

What are situational structuralists?

A

Basically neoliberals who want to analyze other games besides prisoners dilemma.

Emphasized second order problems

64
Q

What are the 5 situation structures games according to Situation structural artists?

A

Deadlock, suasion, cooperation games(prisoners dilemma), coordination (Battle of the Sexes), and assurance.

65
Q

What are the 3 second-order problems?

A

1.) Monitoring: refers to inability to know the behavior of other actors

2,) distribution: the allocation of gains(benefits or utilities) to who get what

3.) Sanctioning: attaching penalties for non-compliance.

66
Q

What are games of deadlock?

A

Games of deadlock cooperation is not possible. Thus second-order problems not relevant. Because prefer strategy is to defect.

67
Q

What are suasion games?

A

Most adverse to cooperation because involve all 3 second-order problems.

68
Q

What problems does Prisoners dilemma suffer from?

A

Monitoring and sanctioning

69
Q

What problems do coordination games suffer from?

A

Only distribution problems.

70
Q

What problems do assurance games have?

A

None

71
Q

What is the Pareto superior in deadlock?

A

Defect, Defect. If table answer is 3,3 which would be on the defect squares.

72
Q

What are the strategies in suasion games?

A

Players A’s dominant strategy is to cooperate. And B’s dominant strategy is to defect. Which is a Pareto Optimal.

3,5 A is 3 and B is 5

A is a hegemonic power. Benefit from creating free trade public good.

73
Q

What are public goods?

A

Non-excludable: can be used by everyone and non-rivalrous: one actors use of some good does not affect the quantity supplied if that good.

74
Q

What are the 2 games in a suasion game player A can used on player B to cooperate?

A

Use the carrot or stick.

75
Q

Can a state devaluate its currency?

A

Yes with approved of IMF have to check their books. Devalue because they can sell more goods and get more money.

76
Q

What do regimes provide?

A
  1. ) information
  2. ) quick feedback
  3. ) iteration
  4. ) enforcement/sanctioning.
77
Q

What is the Nash equilibrium for the following games: deadlock, suasion, PD, and battle of the sexes, and assurance?

A

Deadlock solution: 3,3

Suasion: 3,5

PD: 2,2

Coordination: 4,3 and 3,4

Assurance: 4,4 and 2,2

78
Q

What are the solutions for Battle of sexes?

A

4,3 and 3,4

79
Q

Solution for assurance game?

A

4,4 and 2,2 two Nash equilibrium c,c and d,d. But Pareto superior is cooperate.

80
Q

Gains difference between neorealists and neoliberals?

A

Neorealists cared about relative gains. And neoliberals cared about absolute gains.

81
Q

What is the equation U= V-k(W-V)

A

Neorealists argue and concern with distribution of the power in the system and relative gains.

U= utility of state A

V = payoff of state A

W = payoff of state B

K = is the coefficient for a state’s sensitivity to the gap in payoff

Let d = difference
W-V refers to gap in payoffs between state A and state B.

82
Q

What happens when V-K(D)? What happens when V-k(-D)

A

Utility maximizers goes down

Utility maximizers goes up.

83
Q

What does K have to be?

A

Have to be 0 for model to work.

84
Q

How does K vary?

A

1.) if a states partner is a long adversary or an ally

2,) if the issue of involves security rather than economic well-being

  1. ) state’s relative power has been on the decline rather than on the rise
  2. ) payoffs in the particular issue-area are more rather than less easily converted into capabilities within that issue-area.
85
Q

What does international society share?

A
  1. ) common interest
  2. ) common values

3,) common rules

4.) common institutions

86
Q

What is a system of states?

A

Sufficient contact + sufficient impact on one another’s decisions.

87
Q

Why are goals elementary, primary, and universal?

A

Primary have to be accomplish first if wish to accomplish any other goals. Universal because appear to be in every society. Elementary because unless realized we have no society.