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RUSVM Anatomy II > SSA & Cerebellum > Flashcards

SSA & Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

What are neurons that transmit the sensation of smell and taste and are designated as special visceral afferent (SVA)?

A

“Special” Neurons

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2
Q

Which cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting taste impulses?

A

CN VII - Facial
CN IX - Glossopharyngeal
CN X - Vagus

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3
Q

Which cranial nerve transmits olfactory impulses?

A

CN I- Olfactory nerve

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4
Q

Which cranial nerves contain SVE fibers?

A 
CN V- Trigeminal
CN VII- Facial
CN IX- Glossopharyngeal
CN X- Vagus
CN XI- Accessory
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5
Q

What are nerves that transmit special senses of vision, hearing, and balance designated as?

A

Special Somatic Afferent (SSA)

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6
Q

What kind of impulses does cranial nerve II transmit?

A

Visual

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7
Q

Which cranial nerve transmits hearing and vestibular impulses?

A

CN VIII- Vestibulocochlear

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8
Q

What is the retinogeniculate pathway?

A

The thalamic pathway for conscious perception, primary visual pathway

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9
Q

What is the function of the retnotectal pathway

A

Somatic reflex pathways

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10
Q

___ retinae receives light from binocular visual field and axons do not cross at the optic chiasm while ___ reinae recieves light form peripheral visual friends and axons do cross over the optic chiasm.

A

Temporal

Nasal

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11
Q

Which animals have laterally placed eyes so the amount of visual field overlap is decreased?

A

Prey animals (rabbit, horse)

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12
Q

Tectobulbar axons influence the nuclei of which cranial nerves?

A

III- Oculomotor
IV- Trochlear
VI- Abducens

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13
Q

What kind of binocular vision results in a blind spot in the visual field? (Increased/ Decreased)

A

Decreased

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14
Q

Which of the following is true regarding the midbrain/tectal pathways?

a. Unconscious reflex pathways
b. Ganglion cell axons project to the midbrain
c. Retinopretectal pathway is part of it
d. All the above are true

A

d. All the above are true

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15
Q

The ___ pathway is from rostral colliculus to the neck muscle for head movement and the ____ pathway is from rostral colliculus to the extrinsic eye muscles.

A

Tectospinal pathway

Tectobulbar pathway

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16
Q

The ___ pathway is from rostral colliculus to the neck muscle for head movement and the ____ pathway is from rostral colliculus to the extrinsic eye muscles.

A

Tectospinal pathway

Tectobulbar pathway

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17
Q

What pathway do the responses for the meance response take to get to the visual cortex?

A

Primary visual pathway

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18
Q

Where is the synapse for the PRL pathway when the pupils constrict and there is visual accommodation?

A

Pretectal nuclei

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19
Q

Where are the pretectal nuclei located?

A

Junction of the thalamus and midbrain

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20
Q

Somatic motor responses (eye tracking, head movement) means that there was a synapse in ____.

A

Rostral colliculi

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21
Q

Pupillary constriction that occurs under bright light conditions is a ____ response.

A

Parasympathetic

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22
Q

When light is shone into the pupil of one eye and the pupil of that eye constricts is this considered a direct or indirect pupillary response?

A

Direct pupillary response

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23
Q

What is a response called when both eyes constrict after shinning the light into one eye?

A

Consensual pupillary response

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24
Q

What is a response called when both eyes constrict after shinning the light into one eye?

A

Consensual pupillary response

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25
Q

What is a sympathetic response that occurs under low light conditions?

A

Pupillary dilation

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26
Q

Tectospinal axons influence the motor nucleus of which cranial nerve?

A

XI- Accessory

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27
Q

Which pathway is responsible for the light input for circadian rhythms?

A

Retinohypothalamic Pathway

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28
Q

What is the general auditory pathway for conscious perception of sound?

A

Spiral ganglion –> Cochlear nuclei (medulla) –> Caudal colliculus –> Medial geniculate nucleus –> Internal capsule –> Auditory cortex (temporal lobe)

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29
Q

Which kind of hearing loss is a resultant of damage to structures of the external and/or middle ear preventing the conduction of sound waves to the inner ear?

A

Conductive hearing loss

30
Q

What can you use to test for sensorineural deafness?

A

Brain Auditory Evoked Response (BAER) test

31
Q

Which of the following is incorrect based on the startle reflex?

a. Its a fast motor response elicited by sudden onset of tactile, vestibular, or acoustic stimulus that exceeds a threshold
b. Descending pathways to LMNs of skeletal muscles of the limbs
c. Causes extension of almost all skeletal muscles
d. All the above are correct

A

c. Causes extension of almost all skeletal muscles

- Causes FLEXSION

32
Q

A rapid onset of hearing loss is considered ___ while a persistent hearing loss is considered ____.

A

Acute

Chronic

33
Q

What is sensorineural deafness a resultant of?

A

Damage to structures of the inner ear preventing stimulation of electrical impulses; also resultant of damaged central nuclei and pathways

34
Q

Which gene has been linked to deafness?

A

Piebald gene

35
Q

Presbycusis is an acute/ sudden onset of deafness related to what?

A

Age

36
Q

____ proprioceptors are located within muscles, tendons, and joints, while ____ proprioceptors consist of organs within the head that sense balance and acceleration.

A

General proprioceptors

Special proprioceptors

37
Q

What kind of nystagmus is it when the eyes first move in the opposite direction of the heat turn and then rapidly move toward the direction of the head turn?

A

Physiological nystagmus - normal

38
Q

The vestibular portion of CN VIII is formed by axons from which vestibular organs?

A 
Maculae (utricli sacculi)
Cristae ampullares (semicircular canals)
39
Q

What are the three ways the vestibular nuclei can travel from CN VIII?

A

Vestibulospinal tract
Ascending Medial longitudinal fasciculus
Thalamocortical pathway

40
Q

Where do fibers travel in order to control eye movements of the vestibulo-ocular reflex?

A

Up to nuclei of CN III, IV, and VI

41
Q

From the vestibulospinal tract nuclei will go to the cerebellum to do what?

A

Adjust posture and balance as needed

42
Q

What are the two reflexes found within the cerebellum that have to do with the rate, range, and force of movement?

A 
Vestibulocolic reflex (head and neck)
Vestibulospinal reflex (trunk)
43
Q

The thalamocortical pathway will travel to the cortex for what kind of perception?

A

Conscious perception of balance

44
Q

Output from left/right vestibular nuclei stimulates ___ extensor musculature and inhibits ___ extensor musculature

A

Ipsilateral

Contralateral

45
Q

What is the vestibulospinal reflex?

A

Animal senses movement on the intact side –> they will counteract by moving their posture and balance to side of the lesion

46
Q

The extensor tone in the limbs increases on which side in the vestibulospinal reflex?

A

The normal side

47
Q

What reflex produces neck movements and forelimb extensions that counteract the tilt of the head?

A

Vestibulocollic Reflex

48
Q

What is resting nystagumus or positional nystagmus?

A

Rapid movement of the eyes when the head is not moving (resting) or when body position changes (positional) –> have a slow phase followed by a fast phase

49
Q

True/False. With Peripheral vestibular disorders the fast phase is always moving towards the side of the lesion and the slow phase is always moving away from the leison.

A

False! Fast = away, Slow = towards

50
Q

True/False. With Peripheral vestibular disorders the fast phase is always moving towards the side of the lesion and the slow phase is always moving away from the leison.

A

False! Fast = away, Slow = towards

51
Q

What kind of nystagmus can you see in the central component of the vestibular system? Peripheral component?

A

Central: horizontal, rotary, or vertical
Peripheral: horizontal or rotary

52
Q

What are the clinical sings of vestibular ataxia?

A

Resting nystagmus
Head tilt/turn
Leaning/Falling/Rolling

53
Q

If an animal is crouched or reluctant to move what kind of vestibular ataxia would this be? (Central or peripheral disease)

A

Central disease

54
Q

What kind of effects will one have with excessive stimulation of the vestibular apparatus?

A

Motion sickness
Nausea
Loss of appetite

55
Q

What are the ventral features of the cerebellum?

A

Flocculonodular lobe

56
Q

What part of the cerebellum regulates the spinal cord function and postural tone?

A

Vermis and rostral lobe

57
Q

Which part of the cerebellum regulates skilled movements (coordination)?

A

Vermis and caudal lobe

58
Q

What is the main function of the cerebellum?

A

Determine rate, range, and force of movements

59
Q

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is responsible for initiating movement?

A

Frontal lobe

60
Q

Afferents project to the cerebellar cortex and cerebellar nuclei to where?

A

General proprioception pathways (spinocerebelar)
Special proprioception pathways (vestibulocerebellar)
Special somatic afferent pathwas: Visual/auditory (tectocerebellar)
UMN pathways (extrapyramidal)

61
Q

Efferents project to the cerebellar cortex and cerebellar nuclei to where?

A

Vestibular nuclei –> vestibulospinal tracts
Reticular formation –> cerebral cortex
Extrapyramidal nuclei –> motor cortex

62
Q

What are the three tracts that lead to/from the cerebellum?

A

Caudal, middle and rostral cerebellar peduncles

63
Q

Which of the following contains mainly afferent processes and is the communication tract from the spinal cord and medulla to the cerebellum?

a. Rostral cerebellar peduncles
b. Middle cerebellar peduncles
c. Caudal cerebellar peduncles
d. All the above

A

c. Caudal cerebellar peduncles

64
Q

Which of the following contain mainly efferent processes and communicates from the cerebellum to the mesencephalon?

a. Rostral cerebellar peduncles
b. Middle cerebellar peduncles
c. Caudal cerebellar peduncles
d. All the above

A

a. Rostral cerebellar peduncles

65
Q

Which of the following only contains afferent to the cerebellum and is formed by the transverse fibers of the pons?

a. Rostral cerebellar peduncles
b. Middle cerebellar peduncles
c. Caudal cerebellar peduncles
d. All the above

A

b. Middle cerebellar peduncles

66
Q

____ species will be able to get up soon after birth and go, while ___ species take longer to develop their motor skills, coordination and senses

A

Precocial

Altricial

67
Q

Which lobe is intact with cerebellar ataxia allowing the initiation of movement?

A

Frontal lobe

68
Q

Why is there a delayed response with cerebellar ataxia?

A

Because extrapyramidal pathways go through the cerebellum before going to the motor cortex

69
Q

Where will you see lesions in vestibular ataxia?

A

Vestibular receptors
Vestibular ganglion
CN VIII
Vestibular nuclei

70
Q

Where will you see lesions in cerebellar ataxia?

A

Cerebellar cortex
Cerebellar peduncles
Cerebellar nuclei

RUSVM Anatomy II (10 decks)

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