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RUSVM Anatomy II > Canine Head > Flashcards

Canine Head Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four cartilages that make up the larynx?

A

Epiglottic cartilage
Arytenoid cartilage
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage

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2
Q

Which fold is located between the cuneiform process of the artyneoid cartilage and the epiglottic cartilage?

A

Aryepiglottic fold

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3
Q

What is the function of the larynx?

A

Protect trachea against food aspiration
Air in breathing
Phonation

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4
Q

During swallowing the ___ is pulled cranially and the ___ is deflected caudally.

A

Larynx ; epiglottis

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5
Q

What closes during swallowing, inhibiting inspiration?

A

Glottis

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6
Q

During phonation exhaled air vibrates across the ____ to create sounds.

A

Vocal folds

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7
Q

True/False. In domestic animals the epiglottis normally sits dorsal to the soft palate but can move ventrally and in equid species its always normally placed dorsal to the soft palate.

A

True - this is why equid species are obligate nasal breathers!

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8
Q

Cats purr via a rapid widening and narrowing of the ____ through fast- twitch muscles.

A

Glottis

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9
Q

True/False. Laryngeal paralysis is more common the right side of small and large animals.

A

False. LEFT side is more common

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10
Q

Which is the only laryngeal muscle that is innervated by the cranial laryngeal nerve?

A

Cricothyroid muscle

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11
Q

Which is the only muscle whose function is to open the glottis?

A

Crycoarytenoideus dorsalis

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12
Q

Which is the only muscle that is responsible for opening the jaw?

A

Digastricus muscle

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13
Q

The thyroarytenoideus and cricoarytyenoideus dorsalis and lateralis are innervated by ____ nerve which is the terminal branch of the recurrent laryngeal nerve.

A

Caudal laryngeal nerve

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14
Q

What occurs if there is laryngeal hemiplegia, damage to the caudal laryngeal nerve?

A
  • Lack of abduction of the arytenoid cartilage during inhalation
  • Glottal opening remains narrowed unilaterally
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15
Q

Delutition involved the transferring of foreign bodies from the ___ into the ____.

A

Oral cavity –> esophagus

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16
Q

What is the first phase of deglutition?

A

Voluntary: present food bolus to oropharynx for swallowing

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17
Q

What is the second involuntary phase of a swallowing reflex?

A

Bolus must be removed at the entrance to the larynx by swallowing or blowing it out of the oropharynx and out of the mouth

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18
Q

Where does the oropharynx lie?

A

Caudal part of the oral cavity caudal to the palatoglossal folds/arches

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19
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue and what do they do?

A
  • Genioglossus, Styloglossus, Hyoglossus

- Elevate the tongue towards the hard palate

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20
Q

What structure does the mandibular and sublingual ducts open through?

A

Sublingual caruncle

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21
Q

What are the hyoid muscles?

A

Mylohyoideus
Geniohyoideus
Sternohyoideus
Thyrohyoideus

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22
Q

Which is the only bone that is seen from the hypoid apparatus?

A

Basihyoid bone

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23
Q

What are the three muscles that constrict the pharynx in the sequence of the most cranial to caudal?

A

Hyopharyngeus
Thyropharyngeus
Cricopharyngeus

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24
Q

The horizontal ear canal is made of ___ cartilage and is adhered to the bony ____ of the temporal bone.

A

Auricular cartilage; External acoustic meatus

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25
Q

What is aural hematoma?

A

Damage to blood vessels supplying the pinna

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26
Q

Cats have additional salivary galnds that lie in a small flap of the ____ adjacent to the lingual aspect of teeth 308 and 408.

A

Sublingual fold

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27
Q

Sialocele is a pocket of saliva caused by damage or blockage to a ___ duct.

A

Salivary duct

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28
Q

Which salivary duct is mainly affected in animals with sialocele?

A

Parotid salivary duct

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29
Q

When a dog blinks the sensroy nerves from the cornea sense the ___ sweeping over the globe.

A

Palpebrae

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30
Q

What does the corneal reflex contract, pulling the eye caudally within the orbit?

A

Retractor bulbi muscles

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31
Q

What helps to remove debris from the surface of the cornea and also distributes oily and aqueous parts of the tear film over the surface of the eye?

A

Third eyelid (nictitating membrane)

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32
Q

What makes up the bony framework of the head?

A

Skull and Hyoid apparatus

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33
Q

What are the three different skull shapes in the dog?

A

Brachycephalic
Mesaticephalic
Dolichocephalic

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34
Q

Which skull shape is defined as the facial length being shorter than the cranial length?

a. Brachycephalic
b. Mesaticephalic
c. Dolichocephalic

A

Brachycephalic

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35
Q

Which skull shape is known to have a facial length greater than the cranial length?

a. Brachycephalic
b. Mesaticephalic
c. Dolichocephalic

A

c. Dolichocephalic

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36
Q

Which skull shape is known to have a facial length that is equivalent to the cranial length?

a. Brachycephalic
b. Mesaticephalic
c. Dolichocephalic

A

b. Mesaticephalic

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37
Q

Which structure is known to warm and moisten air as it enters the nasal cavity?

A

Nasal conchae

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38
Q

True/False. The esophagus is located ventral to the trachea.

A

False. Its dorsal to the trachea

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39
Q

Which muscles are located on the rostal aspect of the auricle and help to bring the ear forward?

A

Rostral auricular muscles

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40
Q

Which muscles assist in closing of the jaw?

A

Temporalis muscle
Masseter Muscle
Pterygoid muscles

41
Q

What muscle protracts the tongue?

A

Genioglossus muscle

42
Q

Which tongue muscle moves it side to side?

A

Styloglossus muscle

43
Q

Which muscle pulls the tongue back?

A

Hyoglossus muscle

44
Q

Which structure in the larynx is absent in cats and ruminants?

A

Laryngeal ventricle

45
Q

What are the main compartments of the pharynx?

A

Laryngopharynx
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Pharyngoesophageal limen

46
Q

What is the important structure found within the nasopharynx that takes us to the middle ear?

A

Pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube

47
Q

Where in the oropharynx is the palatine tonsil lcoated?

A

Under the semilunar fold

48
Q

What is the rostral border of the oropharynx?

A

Palatoglossal arch

49
Q

What is the caudal border of the oropharynx?

A

Palatopharyngeal arch

50
Q

What is the thick connective tissue surround the eye adnexa within the orbit?

A

Periorbita

51
Q

Where is the lacrimal gland located?

A

Within the medial canthas of the eye

52
Q

True/False. The Posterior compartment of the eye is between the iris and the lens.

A

False. The posterior CHAMBER

53
Q

The ___ compartment contains the aqueous humor and the ___ compartment contains the vitreous body.

A

Anterior compartment ; Posterior compartment

54
Q

Which of the following is considered to be only part of the visual retina?

a. Optic part
b. Iridic part
c. Cilliary part
d. Choroid part

A

a. Optic part

55
Q

Where is the palatine tonsil?

A

Within the semilunar fold of the oropharynx

56
Q

What is located on the inside of the mouth that is linked to the vomeronasal organ?

A

Incisive papilla

57
Q

What is the name of the tongue attachment on the ventral aspect?

A

Frenulum

58
Q

What is the function of the tongue papillae?

A

Protection
Surface area
Grooming

59
Q

True/False. The tongue is made up of the genioglossus muscle.

A

True

60
Q

Where do the parotid salivary duct and zygomatic salivary duct open into?

A

The last premolar or the first molar

61
Q

What separates the pharynx into the nasal passage and the mouth?

A

The soft palate

62
Q

What is the passage through the pharynx when you are breathing through the nasal passage?

A

Nasal passage –> Nasopharynx –> Epiglottis opens –> Larynx –> Trachea

63
Q

What is the passage through the pharynx when swallowing food?

A

Mouth –> Tongue –> Oropharynx –> Epiglottis closes –> Laryngopharynx –> Esophagus

64
Q

What is the rostral limit of the nasopharynx?

A

Choanae

65
Q

What is the caudal border of the nasopharynx?

A

Palatopharyngeal arches and caudal border of soft palate

66
Q

What is the rostral border and caudal border of the laryngopharynx?

A

Rostral: Palatopharyngeal arches
Caudal: Pharyngoesophageal limen

67
Q

What is the function of the larynx?

A

Protection against food aspiration
Cough
Phonation

68
Q

What connects the tongue, larynx and skull together?

A

The hyoid apparatus

69
Q

Which pharyngeal muscles constrict when swallowing?

A

Cricopharyngeus
Thryopharyngeus
Hyopharyngeus

70
Q

What structures make up the glottis?

A

Vocal folds
Arytenoid cartilages
Rima glottidis

71
Q

What muscle is responsible for tensing the vocal fold allowing for phonation?

A

Cricothyroideus muscle

72
Q

What is the function of the thyroarytenoideus muscle?

A

Constricts the glottis

73
Q

What are the different types of papillae that are found on the tongue of the dog?

A

Fungiform
Filiform
Conical
Vallate

74
Q

True/False. The external acousitc meatus is considered the vertical part of the ear canal.

A

False. Horizontal part

75
Q

The shape of the pinna is dependent upon the composition of ____ cartilage.

A

Fibroelastic auricular cartilage

76
Q

What is the name of the ear pouch where ticks like to hang out?

A

Cutaneous marginal pouch

77
Q

Which cartilage serves as an attachment site for auricular muscles?

A

Scutiform cartilage

78
Q

True/False. The bony orbit is complete in the dog.

A

False. Its only complete int he horse, ox and goat

79
Q

What completes the bony orbit in the dog?

A

Orbital ligament

80
Q

What does the non-visual retina cover?

A

The cilliary body and iris

81
Q

True/False. The vitreous body is established during development and maintains intraocular pressure.

A

True

82
Q

What is the result of an increased fluid and intraocular pressure?

A

Glaucoma

83
Q

What is the muscle of facial expression that is located on the rostral surface of the dog?

A

Levator nasolabialis

84
Q

Which muscle functions to return food from the vestibule to the occlusal surface of the teeth?

A

Buccinator muscle

85
Q

What are the three cartilages of the external ear?

A

Auricular cartilage
Annular cartilage
Scutiform cartilage

86
Q

Which cartilage of the external ear connects the cartilagenous meatus of the horizontal canal with the body external acoustic meatus?

A

Annular cartilage

87
Q

What are the three tunics of the globe of the eye?

A 
Tunica externa (fibrous tunic)
Tunica media (vascular tunic, choroid)
Tunica interna (retina)
88
Q

What are the two regions that make up the fibrous tunic?

A

Cornea

Sclera

89
Q

What are the three regions that make up the vascular tunic (uvea)?

A

Choroid
Cilliary body
Iris

90
Q

What are the two regions of the internal tunic, or retina?

A
  1. Visual or optic part covering the choroid

2. Non - visual part covering the ciliary body and iris

91
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the globe of the eye?

A 
Rectus muscles (dorsal, lateral, ventral, medial)
Oblique muscles (dorsal and ventral)
Retractor bulbi muscle
92
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the eyelids (palpebrae)?

A

Levator palpebrae superioris

Orbicularis oculi

93
Q

What is the landmark for the mandibular salivary gland?

A

Between the maxillary and linguofacial veins

94
Q

What are the landmarks for the parotid salivary gland?

A

Between the mandibular gland and the ear

95
Q

What is the landmark for the zygomatic salivary gland?

A

Medial to the zygomatic bone between the eyeball and the pterygoid muscle

96
Q

Is the lacrimal gland located on the lateral or medial side of the orbital ligament within the periorbita?

A

Medial

97
Q

An external sagittal crest is least likely to be found in which of the following skull shapes?

a. Dolicocephalic
b. Mesocephalic
c. Mesaticephalic
d. Brachycephalic

A

d. Brachycephalic

98
Q

This muscle along with the tongue helps to push food to the occlusive surfaces of the teeth while chewing.

a. Temporalis muscle
b. Masseter muscle
c. Buccinator muscle
d. Pterygoid muscle

A

c. Buccinator muscle

RUSVM Anatomy II (10 decks)

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