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RUSVM Anatomy II > Small Animal Urogenital > Flashcards

Small Animal Urogenital Flashcards

1
Q

True/False. In both the male and the female we have the Wolffian ducts and the Mullerian ducts that degenerate.

A

False.
Females have Mullerian ducts and Wolffian ducts that degenerate
Males have the Wolffian ducts and the Mullerian ducts that degenerate.

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2
Q

Which of the following do the Mullerian ducts in females make up?

a. Uterine tubes
b. Uterus
c. Vagina
d. All the above

A

d. All the above

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3
Q

What does the Wolffian duct consist of in males?

A

Epididymis
Ductus deferens
Ejaculatory duct

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4
Q

Where do the testes develop in the fetus?

a. Retroperitoneal, just outside the peritoneal space
b. Caudal to the kidneys
c. Into the inguinal canal
d. A and B
e. B and C

A

d. A and B

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5
Q

What covers the gubernaculum as the animal grows and stays within the inguinal canal?

A

Vaginal tunic

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6
Q

The _____ extends from the tail of the epididymus to the testicle and into the inguinal canal, ending in the scrotum.

A

Gubernaculum

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7
Q

As the gubernaculum shrinks, it draws the ___ and __ through the inguinal canal and into the scrotum.

A

Testicle and epididymis

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8
Q

True/False. The Deep inguinal ring is made up of the aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique muscle.

A

False. Its made up of the internal abdominal oblique muscle, inguinal ligament/prepubic tendon, and the rectus abdominis muscle.

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9
Q

What makes up the superficial inguinal ring?

A

The aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique muscle

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10
Q

The _____ is a narrow elongated opening that allows the vaginal tunic and spermatic cord to pass in the male and vaginal process and round ligament of the uterus to pass in the female.

A

Inguinal Canal

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11
Q

What term refers to a retained testicle where there testes haven’t descended in the appropriate time?

A

Cryptorchism

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12
Q

True/False. A unilateral cryptorchid dog is more likely to have a retained right testicle than a retained left testicle.

A

True

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13
Q

What are the therapy procedures for cryptorchism?

A

Neuter/castration/orchiectomy

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14
Q

Where does one look if you cannot find the testis in the dog?

A

Look at the bladder where the ductus deferens enters the trigone and follow that to find the testes.

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15
Q

What is the trigone?

A

Triangular region bounded by the ureteric and urethral openings

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16
Q

True/False. The medial laminae consists mainly of fibrous tissue and the lateral udder ligaments consist mainly of elastic tissue.

A

False. Medial laminae consists of elastic tissue and the lateral udder ligaments consists mainly of fibrous tissue

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17
Q

The ____ is part of the prepuce that is unique to the boar but removed in pot bellied pigs to decrease the foul scent.

A

Preputial diverticulum

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18
Q

What are the two basic techniques for castration (orchiectomy) in our domestic animals?

A

Open castration

Closed castration

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19
Q

What is the main difference between an open castration and a closed castration?

A

OPEN means that the parietal vaginal tunic has been incised and in CLOSED the parietal vaginal tunic is left intact.

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20
Q

What is the disadvantage of an open castration?

A

The vaginal cavity, which is continuous with the abdominal cavity by a way of the vaginal ring, is open to the outside environment and could lead to infection if its not in a sterile area.

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21
Q

What is the advantage of an open castration?

A

You are able to vizualize the spermatic cord and vasculature better for ligation in larger animals

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22
Q

True/False. Due to the short length of the urethra, females are more prone to urinary tract infections.

A

True

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23
Q

Which ligaments contain the round ligaments of the urinary bladder and are remnants of the umbilical arteries?

a. Lateral ligaments of the bladder
b. Median ligaments of the bladder
c. Round ligaments of the bladder
d. All the above

A

a. Lateral ligaments of the bladder

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24
Q

What is the elevated crest extending from the neck of the bladder and into the dorsal wall of the pelvic urethra?

A

Urethral crest

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25
Q

The ____ is a smooth muscle innervated by the pelvic nerve.

A

Detrusor muscle

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26
Q

What is the name of the hillock on the urethral crest that contains the openings of the deferent ducts on either side?

A

Colliculus seminalis

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27
Q

What erectile tissue surrounds the penile urethra?

A

The bulb and the corpus spongiosum

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28
Q

What are the three components of the vaginal tunic?

A

Parietal vaginal tunic
Visceral vaginal tunic
Mesorchium: connects mesentery containing vessels and nerves of testis

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29
Q

What are the surrounding layers from external to internal of the testes?

A

Spermatic fascia
Vaginal tunic
Tunica albugenia

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30
Q

What collects and houses the sperm produced in the testis and is connected to the testicular capsule?

A

Epididymis

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31
Q

Which artery supplies the testes and is a direct branch from the abdominal aorta?

A

Testicular arteries

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32
Q

What supplies the scrotum and prepuce?

A

External pudendal artery

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33
Q

Which arteries give rise to the external pudendal artery, starting from the external iliac artery?

A

External iliac a. –> deep femoral a. –> pudendoepigastric a. –> external pudendal a.

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34
Q

What is the autonomic innervation of the testes via the pelvic plexus?

A 
SNS = hypogastric n.
PSNS = pelvic n.
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35
Q

The ___ is an example of somatic innervation that provides sensory to the anus, scrotum, and prepuse.

A

Pudendal nerve

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36
Q

Which somatic nerve gives sensory to the spermatic fascia, scrotum, and prepuce?

A

Genitofemoral nerve

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37
Q

Which of the following is false in regards to the ductus deferens?

a. Transports sperm from the tail of the epididymis to the pelvic urethra after ejaculation
b. Component of the spermatic cord, located within the vaginal tunic
c. Blood supply is from the branch of the prostatic artery, which is a branch of the internal pudendal a.
d. None of the above is false

A

d. None of the above is false

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38
Q

True/False. The right and left deferent ducts extend through the vaginal rings, curve around the cranial aspect of the lateral ligaments of the urinary bladder, and open on either side of the colliculus seminalis.

A

True.

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39
Q

What are the two types of penis?

A

Musculocavernosus

Fibroelastic

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40
Q

The ___ have a large corpus cavernosum and are enclosed, are innervated by delicate CT septa, and require large amounts of blood to achieve an erection

A

Musculocavernosus

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41
Q

True/False. The blood flow into the penis increases and the venous outflow is obstructed with musculocaverosus penis.

A

True

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42
Q

Which of the following is false regarding a musculocavernosus penis?

a. Requires more time to achieve full erection
b. Boar and ruminant species have this type of penis
c. Erection leads to an increase in length and girth of the penis
d. All of the above are true

A

b. Boar and ruminant species have this type of penis

- Found in Stallion, dog, and man

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43
Q

Which of the following is false regarding a fibroelastic penis?

a. Boar and ruminant species have this type of penis
b. Penis does not increase greatly in size and full erection is achieved rapidly
c. Protrusion is largely due to straightening of the preexisitng sigmoid flexure
d. Rhythmic muscular contractions force the blood through the cavernous spaces

A

d. Rhythmic muscular contractions force the blood through the cavernous spaces
- only applies to musculocavernosus penis

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44
Q

Which part of the penis is formed by the left and right crura, bulb, and surrounding musculature?

a. Glans
b. Body
c. Root
d. All the above

A

c. Root

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45
Q

Where is the os penis of the dog located?

A

Within the glans

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46
Q

What are the different components of erectile tissues?

A

Corpus spongiosum
Corpus cavernosum
Bulb
Glans

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47
Q

True/Flase. The corpus spongiosum is surrounded by the tunica albuginea and covered by the ischiocavernosus muscle proximally.

A

False. The corpus cavernosum

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48
Q

What surrounds the penile urethra and extends the entire length of the penis?

A

Corpus spongiosum

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49
Q

Which of the following is true regarding the corpus cavernosum?

a. Does not extend to the apex of the penis
b. Expands near the root as the bulb of the penis
c. Extends from the root to the glans
d. None of the above are true

A

a. Does not extend to the apex of the penis

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50
Q

What is the cranial extension of the corpus spongiosum over the distal end of the corpus cavernosum?

A

Glans

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51
Q

What are the two components of the glans in the dog?

A

Bulbus glandis

Pars longa glandis

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52
Q

What has to be engorged in order for there to be a “tie” between the dog and bitch?

A

Bulbus glandis

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53
Q

Which of the following form a fibrous ring with the opposing muscle at the pelvic symphysis and encircle the common trunk of the right and left dorsal veins of the penis, assisting with penile engorgement?

a. Ischicavernosus m.
b. Ischiourethralis m.
c. Bulbospongiosus m.
d. Retractor penis m.

A

b. Ischiourethralis m.

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54
Q

Which of the following have transversely oriented fibers that cover the bulb at the root and longitudinally oriented fibers that extend distally onto the body?

a. Ischicavernosus m.
b. Ischiourethralis m.
c. Bulbospongiosus m.
d. Retractor penis m.

A

c. Bulbospongiosus m.

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55
Q

What blends with the fibers of the external anal sphincter proximally and extends distally on the ventral aspect of the penis and insets on the glans?

a. Ischicavernosus m.
b. Ischiourethralis m.
c. Bulbospongiosus m.
d. Retractor penis m.

A

d. Retractor penis m.

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56
Q

What are the boundaries of the pelvic inlet?

A

Lateral: arcuate line of the ilium
Ventral: pecten of the pubis
Dorsal: promontory of the sacrum

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57
Q

What are the boundaries of the pelvic outlet?

A

Lateral: sacrotuberous ligament
Ventral: ischiatic arch
Dorsal: first caudal vertebrae

58
Q

What are the primary muscles of the pelvic diaphragm?

A
  • Coccygeus m.

- Levator ani m.

59
Q

Which of the following is true regarding the urogential diaphragm?

a. Helps anchor the tract
b. Against a forward drag and sinks into the abdomen when pregnant
c. Against a backward displacement during parturition
d. All the above are true

A

d. All the above are true

60
Q

What is the space excluded from the pelvic cavity by the pelvic diaphragm and is normally occupied by fat?

A

Ischiorectal fossa

61
Q

What are the boundaries of the ischiorectal fossa?

A

Lateral: ischial tuber and sacrotuberous/sacrosciatic ligament
Medial: pelvic diaphragm
Ventral: pelvic floor
Base: skin

62
Q

What are the three zones of the anal canal?

A
  • Columnar
  • Intermediate
  • Cutaneous
63
Q

What is located between the internal and external anal sphincter, is paired, and excretes a highly odorous secretion?

A

Anal glands

64
Q

The ___ is a caudal thickened part of the anal canal composed of smooth muscle and innervated by the pelvic plexus and hypogastric nerve.

A

Internal anal sphincter

65
Q

True/False. The external anal sphincter is a large band of skeletal muscle and is involuntary.

A

False. Its striated muscle and its voluntary

66
Q

What stabilizes the anal canal and the rectum?

A

Rectococcygeus muscle

67
Q

What is located between the anus and the dorsal commissure that can sometimes tear during parturition?

A

Perineal body

68
Q

___ is a protrusion of pelvic or abdominal viscera through a weakened or ruptured pelvic diaphragm between the external anal sphincter, levator ani and internal obturator muscle.

A

Perineal hernia

69
Q

Which of the following lies between the bladder/lateral ligaments of the bladder and the uterus (female)/ ductus deferens (male)?

a. Vesicogential pouch
b. Pubovescial pouch
c. Rectogenital pouch
d. Pararectal fossa

A

a. Vesicogential pouch

70
Q

Which of the following is a bilateral pouch located between the rectum an dorsal body wall that is continuous with the parietal peritoneum?

a. Vesicogential pouch
b. Pubovescial pouch
c. Rectogenital pouch
d. Pararectal fossa

A

d. Pararectal fossa

71
Q

Which of the following is located between the uterus and uterine horns (female)/prostate (male) and the rectum?

a. Vesicogential pouch
b. Pubovescial pouch
c. Rectogenital pouch
d. Pararectal fossa

A

c. Rectogenital pouch

72
Q

Which of the following is located between the pubis and the bladder?

a. Vesicogential pouch
b. Pubovescial pouch
c. Rectogenital pouch
d. Pararectal fossa

A

b. Pubovescial pouch

73
Q

The ___ ligament in the fetus contains the urachus and the ___ ligament contains the umbilical artery and turns into the round ligament of the bladder in the adult.

A

Median, Lateral

74
Q

____ contain folds that are persistent and converge at the exit form the bladder.

A

Urethral crest

75
Q

What is the name of the muscle found on the outer layer of the bladder that squeezes and empties the bladder?

A

Detrusor muscle

76
Q

What is the suburethral diverticulum?

A

Blid pouch found in the cow and sow

77
Q

What muscle in both males and females surrounds the urethra and contains the external urethral sphincter?

A

Urethralis/ Urethral muscle

78
Q

What are the two parts that the male urethra is divided into?

A

Pelvic urethra

Penile urethra

79
Q

The ___ is an elevated region on the urethral crest that provides an opening of the deferent ducts and the prostate.

A

Colliculus seminalis

80
Q

Which artery is the termination of the aorta?

A

Median sacral

81
Q

What are the two branches cranial to the sacroiliac joint that the internal iliac artery terminates as?

A

Caudal gluteal artery

Internal pudendal artery

82
Q

What is the first branch off the internal iliac artery that can give off the cranial vesical artery in adults?

A

Umbilical artery

83
Q

What are the three terminal branches of the internal pudendal artery?

A
  • Urethral artery
  • Ventral perineal artery
  • Artery of the penis/clitoris
84
Q

This artery continues lateral to the coccygeus muscle and accompanies the pudendal nerve.

A

Internal pudendal artery

85
Q

What are the branches off the internal pudendal artery?

A

Vaginal artery and prostatic artery

86
Q

What are the branches off the vaginal/prostatic artery?

A 
Uterine artery (female)
Artery of the ductus deferens (male)
Middle rectal artery
87
Q

Which artery supplies the caudal portion of the bladder and gives off ureteral and urethral branches?

A

Caudal vesical artery

88
Q

What are the three branches off the artery of the penis?

A

Artery of the bulb of the penis
Deep artery of the penis
Dorsal artery of the penis

89
Q

Which artery follows the sciatic nerve out of the pelvis ad terminates at the hamstrings?

A

Caudal gluteal artery

90
Q

____ artery supplies the cranial aspect of the middle gluteal muscle and the ___ artery supplies the caudal aspect of the middle gluteal and the deep gluteal muscle.

A

Iliolumbar artery and Cranial gluteal artery

91
Q

Which of the following drains the surrounding musculature and prostate, located ventral to the body of the sacrum?

a. Hypogastric lymph nodes
b. Sacral lymph nodes
c. Medial iliac lymph nodes
d. Superficial inguinal lymph nodes

A

b. Sacral lymph nodes

92
Q

Which of the following receives lymph form all parts of the dorsal aspect of the abdomen, pelvis, and the pelvic limb, including the gential system and the caudal part of the digestive and urinary system?

a. Hypogastric lymph nodes
b. Sacral lymph nodes
c. Medial iliac lymph nodes
d. Superficial inguinal lymph nodes

A

c. Medial iliac lymph nodes

93
Q

Which of the following drains the lymphatics from the bladder and uterus and is located near the sacral lymph nodes?

a. Hypogastric lymph nodes
b. Sacral lymph nodes
c. Medial iliac lymph nodes
d. Superficial inguinal lymph nodes

A

a. Hypogastric lymph nodes

94
Q

Which of the following drains the mammae, scrotum, prepuce, and ventral abdominal wall?

a. Hypogastric lymph nodes
b. Sacral lymph nodes
c. Medial iliac lymph nodes
d. Superficial inguinal lymph nodes

A

d. Superficial inguinal lymph nodes

95
Q

The ___ is a slit like opening between the labia.

A

Labial fissure

96
Q

True/ False. The Ventral commissure in the dog is rounded in shape and the dorsal commissure is directed caudoventrally.

A

False. The dorsal commissure in the dog is rounded in shape and the ventral is directed caudoventrally

97
Q

What is found within the ventral commissure that contains the clitoris?

A

Clitoral fossa

98
Q

What is the space between the vagina and external genitalia and is a common opening for the urinary and genital tracts?

A

Vestibule

99
Q

What is the urethral tubercle?

A

A ridge like projection dorsal to the urethral orifice

100
Q

What contributes to the “tie” during copulation and is an erectile tissue deep to the vestibular mucosa?

A

Vestibular bulbs

101
Q

Which of the following is false regarding the female urethra?

a. Located cranially on the pelvic floor
b. Opens at the junction of the vestibule and vagina
c. Ventral to the urethral tubercle
d. Contains the urethral tubercle

A

a. Located cranially on the pelvic floor

- its located caudally on the pelvic floor

102
Q

Which artery supplies the inguinal region?

A

External pudendal artery

103
Q

What does the internal pudendal artery supply?

A

Labia
Clitoris
Vestibular bulbs

104
Q

True/False. The internal pudendal artery continues lateral to the pelvic diaphragm and can be visualized in the ischiorectal fossa.

A

True

105
Q

Which organ is located between the cervix and the vestibule that terminates immediately cranial to the urethral opening?

A

Vagina

106
Q

What is the cranial most and recessed part of the vagina that is ventral to the cervix?

A

Vaginal fornix

107
Q

What suspends the uterus from the dorsal lateral body wall?

A

Mesometrium

108
Q

What does the uterus consist of?

A

Cervix
Body
2 horns

109
Q

___ protects the uterus from the external environment and protrudes into the vagina.

A

Cervix

110
Q

What are the three parts of the uterine tube?

A

Infundibulum
Ampulla
Isthmus

111
Q

Where does fertilization occur?

A

Uterine tube

112
Q

Which of the following attaches the ovary to the uterine horn?

a. Mesovarium
b. Suspensory ligament of the ovary
c. Proper ligament of the ovary
d. Round ligament of the ovary

A

c. Proper ligament of the ovary

113
Q

Which of the following connects the ovary to the body wall?

a. Mesovarium
b. Suspensory ligament of the ovary
c. Proper ligament of the ovary
d. Round ligament of the ovary

A

a. Mesovarium

114
Q

What connects the ovary to the dorsal body wall and is usually strum when doing a spay?

A

Suspensory ligament of the ovary

115
Q

What encloses the ovary within the ovarian bursa along with the mesovarium?

A

Mesosalpinx

116
Q

Which part of the broad ligament begins at the cranial edge of the uterine horn and continues caudally?

A

Mesometrium

117
Q

Each half of the ___ contains a testis, epididymis and distal portion of the spermatic cord and is divided by a median septum.

A

Scrotum

118
Q

What is the name of the smooth muscle layer closely associated with the outer skin layer of the scrotum and is responsible for temperature regulation?

A

Tunica dartos muscle

119
Q

True/False. The vaginal tunic consists of a parietal vagina tunic, and visceral vaginal tunic with a vaginal cavity in between the two.

A

True

120
Q

Which muscle is the caudal slip of the internal abdominal oblique muscle that pulls the testicles closer to the body?

A

Cremaster muscle

121
Q

What covers the surface of the testes that helps with pressure regulation and maintaining its shape?

A

Tunica albuginea

122
Q

What does the testicular vein form that cools blood as it goes down to the testis?

A

Pampiniform plexus

123
Q

Which of the following connects the tail of the epididymis to the tuica dartos muscle?

a. Ligament of the tail of the epididymis
b. Proper ligament of the testis
c. Scrotal ligament
d. Round ligament

A

c. Scrotal ligament

124
Q

Which of the following connects the tail of the epididymis to the layers of the vaginal tunic?

a. Ligament of the tail of the epididymis
b. Proper ligament of the testis
c. Scrotal ligament
d. Round ligament

A

a. Ligament of the tail of the epididymis

125
Q

Which of the following connects the testis to the tail of the epididymis?

a. Ligament of the tail of the epididymis
b. Proper ligament of the testis
c. Scrotal ligament
d. Round ligament

A

b. Proper ligament of the testis

126
Q

What part of the penis consists of the bulbous glandis and the pars long glandis in the dog and contains the os penis?

A

Glans

127
Q

What is the proximal end of the corpus cavernosum and is affiliated with the tunica albugenia?

A

Crus of the penis

128
Q

The crus of the penis anchors the penis to the _____ and is covered by ____ muscle.

A

Ischial arch, covered by ischiocavernosus muscle

129
Q

What muscle externally covers the bulb of the penis?

A

Bulbospongiosus muscle

130
Q

Where does the body of the penis begin?

A

Where the two crura join to form the dorsal erectile columns of the penis

131
Q

What is an expansion of the corpus spongiosum that cotributes to the “tie” during copulation?

A

Bulbous glandis

132
Q

The ___ deforms during intromission and allows the urethral opening to shift dorsally.

A

Pars longus glandis

133
Q

The ____ forms the dorsal columns of the body of the penis and contributes to the crus.

A

Corpus cavernosum

134
Q

Which of the following is false about the corpus spongiosum?

a. Expands as the bulb of the penis proximally
b. Surrounds the caudal pelvic and all the penile urethra
c. Continuous as the glans of the penis distally
d. All of the above are true

A

d. All of the above are true

135
Q

What is the visceral bone that has the urethral groove located along the ventral aspect?

A

Os penis

136
Q

True/False. The Deep artery of the penis supplies the corpus spongiosum and the artery of the bulb of the penis supplies the corpus cavernosum.

A

False.
Deep artery = corpus cavernosum
Artery of the bulb = corpus spongiosum

137
Q

Which artery supplies the glans penis and the prepuce?

A

Dorsal artery of the penis

138
Q

What surrounds the penile urethra in the male dog?

A

Corpus spongiosum

139
Q

What is the name for the fold of skin covering the glans penis?

A

Prepuce

140
Q

Where does the internal lamina of the prepuce terminate and what does it become continuous with?

A

Terminates at the fornix and becomes continuous with the skin of the glans

RUSVM Anatomy II (10 decks)

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