S.S 1.2 (Equivalence and other issues in translation studies)

Question 1

Same worth or function (Equivalence)

Answer 1

The idea that what we say in one language can have the same value when it is translated into another.

Question 2

Equal value

Answer 2

The relation between the ST and the translation is then one of equivalence.

Question 3

The equivalence relation is at the level of

Answer 3

Form.
Function.
And anything in between.

Question 4

Equivalence

Answer 4

Languages are not the same, but their values can be the same.

Question 5

Form

Answer 5

Refers to the shape or the appearance of the linguistic unit in contrast to its content.

Question 6

Content

Answer 6

Refers to the level of lexical and semantic meaning of an expression.

Question 7

The relationship between form and content

Answer 7

Complete opposites.

Meaning can often be translated, but not form.

Question 8

Untranslatability

Answer 8

As soon as form contributes to the content then the text cannot be translated.

Question 9

Literal Translation

Answer 9

Word-for-word.
Form/style.
Tends to preserve formal features by default, with little regard to context meaning or what is implied by a given utterances.

Question 10

Free Translation

Answer 10

Sense-for-sense.

Sense/content.

Question 11

Relationship between literal and free translation

Answer 11

Do not often form a strict dichotomy.

Regarded as the opposite ends of the same cline.

Question 12

Formal Equivalence

Answer 12

Structural correspondence.
The purely ‘formal’ replacement of one word or phrase in the SL by another in the TL.
Not the same as Literal Translation.
Almost always contextually motivated.
Formal features are preserves only if they carry contextual values that become part of overall text meaning.
Deliberate ambiguity in the ST.
Form-bound.

Question 13

Dynamic Equivalence

Answer 13

Used when the ST needs some explication and adjustment.
To promote comprehensibility when formal equivalence can lead to unmotivated opaqueness.
Text more content-bound than form-bound.

Question 14

Form-bound a meaning is

Answer 14

A case of ambiguity through word play.

The more formal the equivalence relation will have to be.

Question 15

Content-bound a meaning is

Answer 15

An obscure reference to source culture.

The more dynamic the equivalence will have to be.

Question 16

Adjustment

Answer 16

Is the gradual move away from form-by-form renderings and towards more dynamic kinds of equivalence.
May have to re-order an entire sequence of sentences.
Also needed to cope with the wide range of purpose which translations might serve.

Question 17

Adjustment techniques

Answer 17

Redundancy.
Explicating.
Repetition.
Gisting.
Compensation.

Question 18

How to choose between literal, formal or dynamic?

Answer 18

The choice must always be contextually motivated.
Entails the intention to produce certain rhetorical effects using language is a conscious deliberate manner for that purpose.

Question 19

Language (Formal correspondence)

Answer 19

Pertains to the linguistic system.
Stable.
Links to Chomsky’s concept competence.

Question 20

Parole (Dynamic equivalence)

Answer 20

Pertains to actual language use.
Variable.
Links to Chomsky’s concept of performance.

Question 21

3 Types of text

Answer 21

Informative text.
Expressive text.
Operative text.

Question 22

Translatability

Answer 22

Is a relative notion and has to do with the extent to which, despite obvious differences in linguistic structure, meaning can still be adequately expresses across language.

Question 23

Translationese

Answer 23

When the language of the TT is influenced strongly by the language of the ST.
Language of the TT.
Used to indicate a stilted form of the TL from the TL from calquing ST lexical or syntactic patterning.