SPRING Self Regulation Flashcards
what is self regulation
carver and sheier 1982
process in which people adapt and manage various goals and standards for their thoughts/feelings/behaviours - ensure standards and goals are met
what does self regulation tend to involve
goal settting goal monitoring multiple goal management self control emotional regualtion
describe the iceberg illusion
people seem successful but achievements often take a lot of challenges that not seen on outside
BUT successful often good at dealing with failure and disappointments
what does the self regulation of goal persuit tend to involve
- make goal concrete and engate to attain
- set goal if desireable/feasible
- monitor for goal success and adapt
- act on means and overcome obstacles
- achieve and disengage
what is a goal
mental/cognitive representation of a desired outcome -
ideal of how we want things to turn our
goal schema - contain info on means, obstacles and outcomes
different from current state
define goal means
activities objects or people that are instrumental in achieving goal/in goal pursuit
on what aspects do goals differ in that determine respective commitment towards persuit of that goal
fishbein and azjen 1974
commitment = importance/value of goal x percieved success/expectation of attainment
what is an abstraction level of goal pursuit
different levels of goal success - means end golals facilitate achievement of higher order goals
change focus to motivate or reach higher goal
focus on lower goal to
achieve higher goal
focus on higher goal to
be motivated to keep going
describe higgins 1998 regulatory focus orientation of goals
self regulation operated differently when serving fundamentally different needs
focus: promotional or prevention
focus may be result of chronic individual tendencies or situational factors (momentary reg focus) where induced by task instructions ie do this or avoid this..
how are goals represented in memory
kruglanski et al 2001
goals linked via facilitative or inhibitory links
- one goal activate or inhibit subgoals to reach etc
goals primed by environmental context in which they are persued
goal focus cannot be considered in isolation - salience and interrelation of goals impact on persuit
describe goal sheilding
activation of an important goal makes other goals lower in accessability
- when highly committed to big goal, list fewer smaller goals
extrinsic motivation for reaching a desired goal
lewin 1935
associate with achieving a goal
external factors ie money or social approval
intrinsic motivation for reaching a desired goal
lewin 1935
assoc with persuing a goal
internal factors from within the person ie find fun, interesting, fulfills needs
deci koestner and ryan 2002 overjustification effect
meta analysis of 128 experiements on intrinsic and extrinsic rewards on task performance tangible rewards (ie physical - food or symbols - awards) undermines intrinsic motivation to perform the subsequent task
describe lepper et al 1973 superiority of intrinsic rewards
overjustification effect
kintergarden children intrinsicly motivated to play with markers or rewarded (extrinsic) or not
% time spent playing greater when intrinsic than rewarded
describe fishbach superiority of intrinsic rewards
overjustification effect
people do more when interesting, challenging or fun
sig less likely to reach goal if extrinsicly motivated
external good for starting but internal good for continuing
spend 10+ more mins at gym if like running on treadmill
describe shah 2003 automatic activation of goals
pps asked to indicate first name of mother - activate parental schema of expectation and prime goals of doing well in school
rate commitment to goal that mother wants to pursue
- more motivated to perform well in lab tasks
(BUT PARENTS ACTIVATE LOTS OF EXPECTATION SCHEMAS) - the more goals assoc with person the less likely any one goal will be activated
describe vogt et al 2011 goal and vision
activate goal of cleanliness by placing in environment with soap and water
exp: touch fake gross object or control touch neutral object
offer to wash hands
disgust condition increase wash hands even though fake + attention in disgust condition more oriented towards images representing cleanliness than controls who were equally attentive to disgust imagery
- deploy attention in averse emotional states guided by goal to alleviate neg state
fishbach and bargh
goals and attitudes
pps actively engage in goal persuit compared to those not persuing goals will automatically eval goal relevant stimuli as more positive than goal irrelevant stimuli
automatic eval predict behavioural intent to persue goal via relevant object
+ neg attitudes towards obstructing stimuli
define the zeigarnik effect (zeigarnnik 1929)
people remember uncompleted tasks and goals better than completed ones - intrustive thoughts until goal is achieved
BUT some dwell on important achieved tasks
describe buehler et al 1994 students and planning
students underestimate how long it takes for them to complete assignments
even when making pessimistic predictions
describe planning fallacy
tendency to be overly optimistic and underestimate the impact /weight of unexpected problems to attaining goal
how does imagining the consequences of a goal effect goal success
positive thoughts/feelings about end goal may impede ability to achieve as not take into account obstacles
goal pursuit requires monitoring for progess and preparing for possible problems
carver and sheier 2001 cybernetic control and feedback on goal regulation
compare actual and expecte progress decrepancy between current and desired end goal state
pos feedback make feel better and more likely to reduce efforts
neg feedback feel worse and increase efforts to reach goal
describe fishbach and finkelstein 2012 refined view of social monitoring
if value of goal or ability to achieve is uncrear then both positive and negative feedback can be equally motivating
pos - must be doing right thing so keep going
neg - need to do more to achieve so keep going
psoitive often start of goal and neg to keep going
describe leithorn 2003 goal setting criteria
SMART
goals must be specific, measurable, attainable, relevant and time based
cant be too easy or too hard - must be challenged but not put off
shoda et al 1990/casey et al 2012 - delayed gratification and self control
marshmallow - ability to wait for second marshmallow at 4 years preict increased self control, academic success, social fncitoning and coping skills into adolescence
what does good self control predict
ability to avoid exposuure to temptation
not exposed to several self control conflict in sequence
deliberative phase in goal persuit
must decie on the goals want to persue
determine based on desirability and attainability - open minded and consider realistic obstacles
commitment may not require much conscious deliberation - learn about ourselves via our behaviours (bern)
implementation phase of goal persuit
act on means to achieve esired goal, monitor progress and identify/overcome obstacles
act on negative feedback as a means to achieve
kruglanski et al 2002 organisation of goals
thought to be organised into a mental framework/schematic framework
each goal is connected to the activities/objects that relate to the goal and help in goal attainment
therefor personal and situational factors can prime goal activation and facilitate avoidance of obstacles and approach to facilitative means
abstraction level of goal persuit and carver and sheier progress discrepancy
focus on higher order goals may motivate but can also worsen
if doing better than expected then likely to reduce motivation or shift focus to other goals
higgins 1998 promotional focus
“i want to achieve”
emphasis on ideas hopes and aspirations
concerned with presence or absence of positive outcomes - gain-no gain
higgins 1998 prevention focus
“i want to avoid” - slow but careful
self reg concerned with absence or presence of neg outcomes
reflect duties responsibilities and obligations
emphasis on safety and responsibility - what should do
no loss-loss
crowe and higgins 1997 regulatory focus and task performance
promotional focus link to eagerness to ensure hits and avoid missess - faster and more careless
preventional focus link to vigilance to ensure correctly reect and avoid false alarms - more attentive and slower means
shah et al 2002 goal sheilding
pps report less alternative goals when highly commited to one highly important goal
UNLESS alternative goals have a facilitative attachment to the focal goal attainment
balcetis and dunning 2006 goals and perception of the world
pps motivated to see symbol in environ as B > 13 when goal to avoid seeing number to avoid drinking gross tasting juice
fishbach and ferguson 2007 goals and accessability of memory contents
accessability of memories fluctuate according to activation across time and situations
goals consist of an array in interconnected related memories and accessability to any one may activated related memories
BUT if one memory is conflicting to goa then inhibit
fitzsimmons and fishbach 2010 goals and attitudes - closeness
people will draw closer to significant others who are instrumental (vs. noninstrumental) for a goal that has not been progressing well—a goal that is thus high in motivational priority.
When participants perceived they had made progress on
goal, they no longer preferred others who promoted goal progress (vs. those who did not promote progress). Instead, they looked to their social relationships for their instrumentality for other important goals that have not been progressing as well, drawing more closely to others who can help with those other, less progressed, goals.
holmes 1990 reverse zeigarnik effect
when a task has high important and involvement of self esteem, recall of the goal even after completion will remain high
motivated to create a favourable impression of the self by recalling success
peetz et al 2013 planning fallacy and relationships
when people motivated to focus on their feelings for their partner, become more responsive to partners needs and make bigger promises
BUT does not change conscientiousness for self regulation and maintenance of promise and therefore those more likely to promise more are more likely to break their promises
commitment view of goal progress and regulation
view actions as a part of the goal pursuit
reinforces commitment towards the goal
ie buying sale items saves money so keep saving money
progress view of goal progress and regulation
biew actions as facilitating progress towards the end state
cause disengagement
ie buy sale items so saved money, closer to goal and can have a break - lead to “splurge”
the refined view of goal monitoring
fishback and finkelstein 2012
when dont know value of goal or ability to achieve goal is unclear
pos feesback motivates initial progress towards goal and neg feedback motivates continuation towards goal
define ego depletion in self control
exhaustion of resources from initial act of self control depleted resources when face second event when reuire self control
- self control like a muscle and gets worn out but strengthens with use
le baumeister et al 1998 self control
pps eat radishes over choc less persistent on subsequent unsolvable puzzle than pps eat choc
