SPRING emotional regualtory skill and wellbeing Flashcards
what is emotional regulation
intrinsic and extrinsic processes responsible for monitoring, evaluating and modifying emotional reactions to accomplish ones goal
- management of emotional expression, internal states, and the inhibition/maintenance/enhancement of emotional reactions
what are the basic processes thought to underlie emotional regualtion (sheppes, sin and gross 2015)
situation attention appraisal response - pay attention, evaluate and change beh depending on how you feel
gloss - updated version of sheppes processes that underlie emotional reg
employ regulational strategies at each point in model (most common cog change)
gloss - emotional reg added before situation
situation selection
chose situation to be in
keep away from neagtive situations that eleicit unwanted emotions
gloss - eotional reg of situation
situation modification
change aspect of current situation in order to alter emotions
find self in situation that elicits unwanted emotions so change something about situation to alleviate
gloss - emotional reg of attention
attentional deployment
modify attentional focus to alter emotions
change aspect to focus on without changing physical environment
gloss - emotional reg of appraisal
cognitive change
modify interpretation of situation
change meaning of stimulus/perspective
ie distance self
gloss - emotional reg of response
response modulation
change response directly but not necessarily emotion - change expressive behaviour
define reappraisal
changing emotional state/perspecitve to feel better about a situation
describe winecoff et al 2011 cognitive reappraisal task
pps trained in cog reappraisal strategy
1- experience trials
view pos or neg image, experience natural emotion, delay then rate percieved affective valience of image on likert
2- reappraise trials
view pos or neg image, reappraise by distancing from sitation, delay then rate
fmri results of winecoff et al 2011 cog reappraisal
activation of dlPFC and dmPFC, inferior
parietal lobule (IPL), all bilaterally. dlPFC activation
included foci in the anterior inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and adjacent insula, and posterior medial frontal gyrus (MFG)
In both conditions, reappraisal showed grater activation in medial pfc and lateral pfc
Because both neg and pos produce same suggests it is the same circuit for emotional regulation
winefcoff et al 2011 cog reappraisal brain activation explanation
PFC activation downregulates the amygdala (neural marker of emotion the produces physiological emotional reactions)
increased pfc = reduced amyg
describe johnstone et al 2006 and cog reappreaisal
increase group - imagine self or loved one in situation shown or more extreme
decrease group - imagine diff outcome to one shown, ie fake or unreal
attend group - maintain attention and dont change affective exp
(done with auditory and visual stimuli)
results of johnstone et al 2006 cog reappraisal
reappraise = increase in lateral PFC (BOTH HEALTHY AND DEPRESSED
BUT
negative corr with amygsala - more pfc = less amyg
BUT depressed more PFC = more amyg - regulate emotion differently
describe milgram 2015 depression and changing of situation modification
pps show happy sad or neutral images
option to see same image or view diff
depressed more likely to stay on same image - difficult to adjust and make feel better
how do healthy individuals reappraise emotions (brain activity)
pfc regulate and downregulate emygdala
change situation when negatigve
how do depressed individuals reappraise emotions (brain acitivty
pfc regulate but amyg not downregulated
find difficult to change situation
how is age supposed to impact emotional regulation abilities
older prefer strategies to implement before emotion - more likely to chose situation selection
what emotional reg are shy individuals more likely to use
emotional supression
define hedonic wellbeing
wellbeing of happiness and life satisfaction
regulate to enhance positive emotion and increase satisfaction
striving for maximisation of pleasure (positive affect) and minimisation of pain (negative affect)
eg pleasure seeking
define eudaimonic wellbeing
realising human potential is the ultimate human goal
filfilment of potential, purpose in life, personal gowth, autonomy, self acceptance, positive relations and environmental mastery
eg. strive towards meaning and purpose
oishi et al 2007 life satisfaction and success
high life satisfaction does not link to highest success
moderate hedonic wellbeing predicts the most sucess
telzer et al 2014 hedonic wellbeign and health
longitudinal study of adolescents over 1yr examining whether neural sensitivity to eudaimonic (prosocial) and hedonic (selfish rewards and risk decision) rewards in prediction of depressive symptoms.
VS during eudaimonic predict longitudinal decline in depressive symptoms - does not relate to immediate well-being but predicts changes in depressive symptoms over time.
VS to hedonic decisions related to longitudinal increases in depressive symptoms
well-being may depend on attending to higher values related to family, culture, and morality, rather than to immediate, selfish pleasure
gross and john 2003 reappraisal and eudaimonic wellbeing
reappraisers experience and express greater positive emotion and lesser negative emotion, whereas suppressors experience and express lesser positive emotion, yet experience greater negative emotion.
those who reappraise show higher eudaimonic wellbeign across all 6 eudaimonic domains
what are the eudaimonic domains
filfilment of potential purpose in life personal gowth autonomy self acceptance positive relations environmental mastery
abercrombie et al 2004 cotrisol and wellbeing
salivary cortisol may be implicit measure of eudaimonic wellbeing > quesionnaire
pps provide saliva sample across 1 week - measure corisal stress hormone
diurinal cortisal cycle- peak in morning and down throughout day
deviations from norm assoc with decreased eud. wellbeing - ‘flat’ profile’
abercrombie et al flat cortisol results
those with flatter cortisol levels: poorer performance on explicit memory tasks lower percieved social support higher percieved stress not corr much with hedonic
urry et al 2006 cortisol link with emotional reg brain activation in amyg
People variably good at reducing activation in amygdala when instructed to decrease their negative affect - The amount of signal change in amygdala inversely associated with left and right vmPFC.
Subjects showing the smallest decrease-attend signal difference, i.e., most successful regulation, show the largest decrease-attend signal in the vmPFC
urry et al 2006 emotional reg and cortisol
Decreasing negative affect compared to the control condition display better adaptation, showing steeper declines in salivary cortisol over the course of the day, and more adaptive functioning in daily life.
vmPFC activation steeper with cotisol - better PFC and downreg of amyg
inability to downreg amyg assoc with flatter cortisol
what is expression supression related to
reduced wellbeing
increased risk of depression
reduced self esteem
lower life satisfaction across eud. categories
gross and levenson 1997 impact of emotional supression
increase skin conductance when view negative video
monoadaptive in the short term
internal state thought to be worsened
wegner et al 1987 impact of thought supression
white bear- ring bell when think
either express or talk about something else (supress)
find harder to supress
what are the two processes thought to underlie thought supression
automatic target search
controlled distractor search
define automatic target search (thought supression)
look for unwanted thoughts to monitor
test if attempt to suprress failed or succeeded
makes unwanted thought highly accessable
define controlled distractor search (thought suppression)
find unwanted thought to search for distractors
how might thought supression be made more difficult
when under time pressire and have limited cognitive resources
not enough energy to employ distractor dearch
dont perseverate and think more about target due to automatic target search
role of amygdala in emotion
neural marker of emotion
produces physiological emotional reactions
help memorise emotional events
individual differences in emotional regulation
personality factors henderson and zimbardo 2001
if more shy and less extroverted then more likely to use supression regulation
individual diff in emotional reg
personality factors - neuroticism
john and gross 2004
neuroticism - anxious self conscious moody
supression not relate to neuroticism
neg emotion assoc with supression not derive from tempermental differences or responsivity to neg affect - dont use suppression because have more neg emotions to regulate
BUT supression may make people feel worse/more neurotic
reppraisal have small neg correlation with neutoricism - if low neuroticism may be less prone to neg affect/find easier to reappraise?
individual diff in emotional reg
personality factors - extroversion
john and gross 2004
supression link to low extroversion - may be more sensitive to social reection if shy
individual differences in emotional regulation
age
carstensen et al 2011
strategies before emotional induction preferred by older adults ie more situational selection
individual diff in emotional reg
age
john and gross 2004
ERQ of 106 60year old women measuring reappraisal and suppression
retrospective - ERQ twice for 60y/o and past 20y/o
- increase reapp and decrease suppression with age BUT memory effects and self report
cross sectional comparison with 20y/o current
- older reapp and less suppression while 20y/o equal both
expression suppression and positive emotion
schall et al 2016
outperforming others can lead to negative social evaluations- more jealous/envy
manipulated social situation (outperformance vs. non-outperformance) and assess suppression of positive emotions - adol > suppress pos emotions in outperformance situations than in non-outperformance situations.
+ videotape expression of positive emotions (suppression vs. expression)- when outperforming others, individuals were eval more positively when suppressed rather than expressed their positive emotions
not motivated to suppress positive emotions following success due to the mere presence of others, but due to others’ poorer performance
