SPRING emotional regualtory skill and wellbeing

Question 1

what is emotional regulation

Answer 1

intrinsic and extrinsic processes responsible for monitoring, evaluating and modifying emotional reactions to accomplish ones goal
- management of emotional expression, internal states, and the inhibition/maintenance/enhancement of emotional reactions

Question 2

what are the basic processes thought to underlie emotional regualtion (sheppes, sin and gross 2015)

Answer 2

situation
attention
appraisal 
response 
- pay attention, evaluate and change beh depending on how you feel

Question 3

gloss - updated version of sheppes processes that underlie emotional reg

Answer 3

employ regulational strategies at each point in model (most common cog change)

Question 4

gloss - emotional reg added before situation

Answer 4

situation selection
chose situation to be in
keep away from neagtive situations that eleicit unwanted emotions

Question 5

gloss - eotional reg of situation

Answer 5

situation modification
change aspect of current situation in order to alter emotions
find self in situation that elicits unwanted emotions so change something about situation to alleviate

Question 6

gloss - emotional reg of attention

Answer 6

attentional deployment
modify attentional focus to alter emotions
change aspect to focus on without changing physical environment

Question 7

gloss - emotional reg of appraisal

Answer 7

cognitive change
modify interpretation of situation
change meaning of stimulus/perspective
ie distance self

Question 8

gloss - emotional reg of response

Answer 8

response modulation

change response directly but not necessarily emotion - change expressive behaviour

Question 9

define reappraisal

Answer 9

changing emotional state/perspecitve to feel better about a situation

Question 10

describe winecoff et al 2011 cognitive reappraisal task

Answer 10

pps trained in cog reappraisal strategy
1- experience trials
view pos or neg image, experience natural emotion, delay then rate percieved affective valience of image on likert
2- reappraise trials
view pos or neg image, reappraise by distancing from sitation, delay then rate

Question 11

fmri results of winecoff et al 2011 cog reappraisal

Answer 11

activation of dlPFC and dmPFC, inferior
parietal lobule (IPL), all bilaterally. dlPFC activation
included foci in the anterior inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and adjacent insula, and posterior medial frontal gyrus (MFG)
In both conditions, reappraisal showed grater activation in medial pfc and lateral pfc
Because both neg and pos produce same suggests it is the same circuit for emotional regulation

Question 12

winefcoff et al 2011 cog reappraisal brain activation explanation

Answer 12

PFC activation downregulates the amygdala (neural marker of emotion the produces physiological emotional reactions)
increased pfc = reduced amyg

Question 13

describe johnstone et al 2006 and cog reappreaisal

Answer 13

increase group - imagine self or loved one in situation shown or more extreme
decrease group - imagine diff outcome to one shown, ie fake or unreal
attend group - maintain attention and dont change affective exp

(done with auditory and visual stimuli)

Question 14

results of johnstone et al 2006 cog reappraisal

Answer 14

reappraise = increase in lateral PFC (BOTH HEALTHY AND DEPRESSED
BUT
negative corr with amygsala - more pfc = less amyg
BUT depressed more PFC = more amyg - regulate emotion differently

Question 15

describe milgram 2015 depression and changing of situation modification

Answer 15

pps show happy sad or neutral images
option to see same image or view diff
depressed more likely to stay on same image - difficult to adjust and make feel better

Question 16

how do healthy individuals reappraise emotions (brain activity)

Answer 16

pfc regulate and downregulate emygdala

change situation when negatigve

Question 17

how do depressed individuals reappraise emotions (brain acitivty

Answer 17

pfc regulate but amyg not downregulated

find difficult to change situation

Question 18

how is age supposed to impact emotional regulation abilities

Answer 18

older prefer strategies to implement before emotion - more likely to chose situation selection

Question 19

what emotional reg are shy individuals more likely to use

Answer 19

emotional supression

Question 20

define hedonic wellbeing

Answer 20

wellbeing of happiness and life satisfaction
regulate to enhance positive emotion and increase satisfaction
striving for maximisation of pleasure (positive affect) and minimisation of pain (negative affect)
eg pleasure seeking

Question 21

define eudaimonic wellbeing

Answer 21

realising human potential is the ultimate human goal
filfilment of potential, purpose in life, personal gowth, autonomy, self acceptance, positive relations and environmental mastery
eg. strive towards meaning and purpose

Question 22

oishi et al 2007 life satisfaction and success

Answer 22

high life satisfaction does not link to highest success

moderate hedonic wellbeing predicts the most sucess

Question 23

telzer et al 2014 hedonic wellbeign and health

Answer 23

longitudinal study of adolescents over 1yr examining whether neural sensitivity to eudaimonic (prosocial) and hedonic (selfish rewards and risk decision) rewards in prediction of depressive symptoms.
VS during eudaimonic predict longitudinal decline in depressive symptoms - does not relate to immediate well-being but predicts changes in depressive symptoms over time.
VS to hedonic decisions related to longitudinal increases in depressive symptoms
well-being may depend on attending to higher values related to family, culture, and morality, rather than to immediate, selfish pleasure

Question 24

gross and john 2003 reappraisal and eudaimonic wellbeing

Answer 24

reappraisers experience and express greater positive emotion and lesser negative emotion, whereas suppressors experience and express lesser positive emotion, yet experience greater negative emotion.
those who reappraise show higher eudaimonic wellbeign across all 6 eudaimonic domains

Question 25

what are the eudaimonic domains

Answer 25

filfilment of potential
 purpose in life
 personal gowth
 autonomy
 self acceptance
positive relations
 environmental mastery

Question 26

abercrombie et al 2004 cotrisol and wellbeing

Answer 26

salivary cortisol may be implicit measure of eudaimonic wellbeing > quesionnaire
pps provide saliva sample across 1 week - measure corisal stress hormone
diurinal cortisal cycle- peak in morning and down throughout day
deviations from norm assoc with decreased eud. wellbeing - ‘flat’ profile’

Question 27

abercrombie et al flat cortisol results

Answer 27

those with flatter cortisol levels:
poorer performance on explicit memory tasks
lower percieved social support
higher percieved stress
not corr much with hedonic

Question 28

urry et al 2006 cortisol link with emotional reg brain activation in amyg

Answer 28

People variably good at reducing activation in amygdala when instructed to decrease their negative affect - The amount of signal change in amygdala inversely associated with left and right vmPFC.
Subjects showing the smallest decrease-attend signal difference, i.e., most successful regulation, show the largest decrease-attend signal in the vmPFC

Question 29

urry et al 2006 emotional reg and cortisol

Answer 29

Decreasing negative affect compared to the control condition display better adaptation, showing steeper declines in salivary cortisol over the course of the day, and more adaptive functioning in daily life.
vmPFC activation steeper with cotisol - better PFC and downreg of amyg
inability to downreg amyg assoc with flatter cortisol

Question 30

what is expression supression related to

Answer 30

reduced wellbeing
increased risk of depression
reduced self esteem
lower life satisfaction across eud. categories

Question 31

gross and levenson 1997 impact of emotional supression

Answer 31

increase skin conductance when view negative video
monoadaptive in the short term
internal state thought to be worsened

Question 32

wegner et al 1987 impact of thought supression

Answer 32

white bear- ring bell when think
either express or talk about something else (supress)
find harder to supress

Question 33

what are the two processes thought to underlie thought supression

Answer 33

automatic target search

controlled distractor search

Question 34

define automatic target search (thought supression)

Answer 34

look for unwanted thoughts to monitor
test if attempt to suprress failed or succeeded
makes unwanted thought highly accessable

Question 35

define controlled distractor search (thought suppression)

Answer 35

find unwanted thought to search for distractors

Question 36

how might thought supression be made more difficult

Answer 36

when under time pressire and have limited cognitive resources
not enough energy to employ distractor dearch
dont perseverate and think more about target due to automatic target search

Question 37

role of amygdala in emotion

Answer 37

neural marker of emotion
produces physiological emotional reactions
help memorise emotional events

Question 38

individual differences in emotional regulation

personality factors henderson and zimbardo 2001

Answer 38

if more shy and less extroverted then more likely to use supression regulation

Question 39

individual diff in emotional reg
personality factors - neuroticism
john and gross 2004

Answer 39

neuroticism - anxious self conscious moody
supression not relate to neuroticism
neg emotion assoc with supression not derive from tempermental differences or responsivity to neg affect - dont use suppression because have more neg emotions to regulate
BUT supression may make people feel worse/more neurotic
reppraisal have small neg correlation with neutoricism - if low neuroticism may be less prone to neg affect/find easier to reappraise?

Question 40

individual diff in emotional reg
personality factors - extroversion
john and gross 2004

Answer 40

supression link to low extroversion - may be more sensitive to social reection if shy

Question 41

individual differences in emotional regulation
age
carstensen et al 2011

Answer 41

strategies before emotional induction preferred by older adults ie more situational selection

Question 42

individual diff in emotional reg
age
john and gross 2004

Answer 42

ERQ of 106 60year old women measuring reappraisal and suppression
retrospective - ERQ twice for 60y/o and past 20y/o
- increase reapp and decrease suppression with age BUT memory effects and self report
cross sectional comparison with 20y/o current
- older reapp and less suppression while 20y/o equal both

Question 43

expression suppression and positive emotion

schall et al 2016

Answer 43

outperforming others can lead to negative social evaluations- more jealous/envy
manipulated social situation (outperformance vs. non-outperformance) and assess suppression of positive emotions - adol > suppress pos emotions in outperformance situations than in non-outperformance situations.
+ videotape expression of positive emotions (suppression vs. expression)- when outperforming others, individuals were eval more positively when suppressed rather than expressed their positive emotions
not motivated to suppress positive emotions following success due to the mere presence of others, but due to others’ poorer performance