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lecture 5 social influence Flashcards

1
Q

define social influence

allport 1954

A

effortfull manipulation and change of attitude/beliefs and values due to the actual or implied presence of others

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2
Q

define conformity

A

change in behaviour/attitude/values due to real or imagined pressure from others/members of group
based on the subjective validity of social norms
ie descriptive - what people do, or injunctive - what should be done

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3
Q

define compliance

A

change in response to implied or explicit request

- difficult to know when compliant beh reflects internalisation

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4
Q

define coercive compliance

A

superficial public and transitory change in behaviour and expressed attitude that is not internalized

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5
Q

define obedience

A

change in response to order from percieved authority figure

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6
Q

define norms

A

explicit or implicit rules that define a group membership and regulates the behaviour of its members

can be descriptive ie what most do
or injunctive ie what must be done

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7
Q

deutsch and gerard informational influence

A

ambiguous situation - unsure of how to respond then look to others based on the belief that others are better informed and will know how to act appropriately

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8
Q

deutsch and gerard normative influence

A

conform so as to avoid punishment or to receive rewards - even if dont believe correct to conform

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9
Q

asch 1956 normative influence study

A

conformity reflects a rational process of constructing a norm from others beh
given visual perception test - which line is longer A B or C
75% give incorrect answer at least once when confederate also give wrong answer - knew correct but purposefully gave wrong (norm)
33% average conformity and expected to be higher amongst salient groups

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10
Q

asch 1956 when do people conform

A

group size
unamity
individual diferences

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11
Q

sex/gender influence on conformity

eagly 1978

A

often use tasks unfamiliar to woman so more likely to conform ie woman dont know how to do the task and therefore follow mens lead and conform more - occurs vise versa in men

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12
Q

cultural norms on conformity

bond and smith 1996

A

meta of asch paradigm across countries
collectivist countries ie norway have high score on hofstede (1980) collectivism scale than individualist countries ie france
USA - decline since 50s

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13
Q

what determines perception of an authority figure

A 
coercive - can punish or remove good
reward - provide good or take away bad
expert - provide knowledge not widely available
legitimate - influencial social role
referent - want to identify/be like
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14
Q

reducing obedience

A

milgram exp
- increase distance from authority
-increase no of disobredient peers
visualise learner in pain

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15
Q

minority influence

moscovici 1980

A

social psych conformity bias - focus on minority conformity to majority
majority influence exerts compliance - publically accept but not private in motivation to not appear deviant
a viewpoint that is consistent overtime can lead to conversion towards the attitude, that is more cognitive and privately accepted - rigid

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16
Q

types of social influence

A

conformity
compliance
obedience

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17
Q

deutsch and gerard rational normative influence

A

dual process dependency
influenced by others because they are dependent on them for info to remove ambiguity or for approval/acceptance
but also for ‘group belongingness’ - pressure to conform to group when define self as member

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18
Q

asch 1956 reasons for conformity

A

experience initial uncertainty and self doub
evolve to self consciousness- fear of disaproval, anxiety and lonliness
most respond because did not want to stand out

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19
Q

asch group size and conformity

A

low conformity when 1-2 confederates but high when 3-5 and plateau if larger
size may alter dependent on the judgement and motivation of the individual - when no objective right answer then more likely to want to fit in and conform

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20
Q

group unanimity and conformity

allen 1975

A

when majority unanimous - conformity 33%
BUT sig reduce when not unanimous
1 member of majority agree with naive participant then conformity reduce to 5.5%

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21
Q

individual differences in conformity

A 
personality attributes:
low self esteem
need social approval
need self control
low IQ
high anxiety 
self blame 
insecure, feel inferior
22
Q

sistrunk and mcdavid 1971 gender and conformity

A

m+f exposed to group pressure in identification of various stimuli
traditionally masculine, feminine or neutral
woman more conformity in masculine and men more conformity in feminine - equal when neutral
BUT - women conform more in interactive public situations (maintain group harmony?) and men more resistant in public (need for dominance/independence?)

23
Q

collectivist vs individualist countries in conformity

markus and kitayama 1991

A

conformity increase in collectivity
viewed more favourably as seen as way to bring pepole together
desire for independence viewed as unnatural and immature (markus and kitayama 1991)
individualists view unique as positive
conformity still high in individualist- find difficult to resist group pressure

24
Q

kim and markes

collectivist vs individualist in conformity

A

chose a pen from a st of colours
americans chose colour that stands out
asian aversive to deviant pen

25
Q

problem with looking at cultures on conformity

A

individualists conform and collectivists deviate
actions that people enagage in are reproductions of small parts of culture of which they share with the massess
BUT culutres are constantly changing

26
Q

define social roles

A

pattern of beh expected in certain positions within society

expectations within your occupation

27
Q

abu graib social role conformity

A

iraqi prisoners tortured, isolated, deprived of sleep, and exposed to sexual and cultural humiliation
- in group vs outgroup dehumanisation
“bad apples amongst good soldiers” or “good apples in a soured barrell?”

28
Q

zimbardo 1971 stanford prison experiement

conformity to social roles

A

see how readily people conform to social role of guard and prisoner in role play simulation
mock prison in uni basement - 10 prisoners and 11 guards
prisoners blindfolded, stripped of possesions, given only no
guards in identical uniforms, wore sunglassess (remove eyecontact)
within hours - harass prisoners, increase agg, increase prisoner submission and greater demands for obedience
once removes after 36 hours and overall terminated after 6 days

29
Q

implications of zimbardo prison experiment

A

people readily conform to social expectations
thought to be dependent on 2 processess
deindividuation and learned helplessness

30
Q

define deindividuation

A

immersion in social role that lose sense of identity and personal responsibility

31
Q

define learned helplessness

A

submission- learn actions have little impact on consequent so stop fighting back

32
Q

sources of power in obedience

A 
coercive
reward
expert
legitimate
referent
33
Q

define coercive power in obedience

A

authority has power to remove positive or punish

34
Q

define reward power in obedience

A

authority has power to provide pos or remove neg

35
Q

define expert power in obedience

A

authority has knowledge not widely available

36
Q

define legitimate power in obedience

A

authority due to social norms

37
Q

define referent power in obedience

A

idenify with autority figure

38
Q

nazis and obedience

A

eichmann nazi official responsible for hitler final solution - slaughter of 6m ews
argued that did because ordered to
but hard to know if had internalised nazi beliefs

39
Q

milgram 1963 obedience study

A

18 experiments
pps teacher (read list of paired words) and confederate learner (recall word pairings)
if learner wrong then teacher told to shock, increasing voltage each time
100% gave high and over 60% up to 450v *fatal

40
Q

milgram 1963 culture and obedience

A

90% spain and netherlands BUT 40-16% in aus

41
Q

obedience and sunk costs + natural setting

meeus and raajmakers 1986

A

administrative obedience in interview setting - interviewer told to harradd interviewee
sunk costs - harrass because commit to course of action and find difficult to change despite dramatic increase in costs

42
Q

milgram 1963 immediacy of the learner

A

65% obey when learner unseen and unheard except for wall pounding
100% when no feedback
decrease to 40% when in room and 30% when hold hand - STILL HIGH
- dehumanisation

43
Q

milgram 1963 immediacy of the authority figure

A

decrease to 20.5% when out of room via telephone

2.5% when no orders given

44
Q

bushman 1984 legitimacy of the authority figure on obedience

A

confederate in uniform, neat attire or shabby clothing
70% obey uniform
50% obey neat
sig lower for shabby
- if obey latter two then say being altruistic

45
Q

milgram blind obedience

A

people have a tendency to obey without thinking about what they are being asked to do and the consequences of their actions

46
Q

milgram 1963 group pressure and obedience

A

no peers = 62.5%
2 obedient peers - 92.5%
2 disobedient peers = 10%

47
Q

majority vs minority conformity

A

minorities viewed as smaller and less legitimate power and worthy of less serious consideration

48
Q

asch 1952 minority vs majority

A

1 confederate deviant amongst majority = ridiculed by pps

increase no of minority then decrease ridicule/take more seriously but majority still dont change answer

49
Q

minority social influence

A

most influential when maintain consistent view over tiem

most influential when active, organised and innovative

50
Q

minority influence

moscovichi 1980

A

social adapation is gained via minority confomity
conversion to minority via informational influence - leads to a cognitive change in attitude/belief/behaviour
greater support when people want to deviate and gains in no.

PY2PS (16 decks)

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