Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PY2PS > lecture 2 social perception > Flashcards

lecture 2 social perception Flashcards

1
Q

how do facial features influence first impressions

A

first thing we see when we perceive someone
have a schema of what it looks like to be nice/trustworthy
changes in face shape impacts someones impressions (not always correct)
hold schemas about what someone with certain characteristics might look like

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

describe willis and todrov facial features and first impressions

A

participants judge faces for different traits with varied presentation time
compared with judgement under no time constraint
- influence in judgement does not change - first impressions appear to be rigid and automatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is non verbal behaviour

A

unintentional behaviours which communicate opinions/attitudes towards someone without meaning to ie facial expressions, body language, eye contact, personal space and tone of voice
can be culturally specific - depends on what behaviours are socially acceptable to be expressed
interpret NVs based on our expectations of the situation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the 6 universally expressed and recognised facial expressions
ekmon et al 1975

A 
anger
fear
disgust
happy
sad
suprise
high agreement across cultures about what these facial expressions represent/mean
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

attribution theory

heider 1958

A

variation in the extent that feel need to explain human behaviour - based on context
-personal attribution
- situational attribution
focus of behaviour on intentionality to perform

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

kelley 1971 covariation theory

A

situational and personal attributions are made based on the covariation principle
- people are naive scientists and attribute based on 3 questions
1- consensus
2- distinctiveness
3- consistency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what attributions are people likely to make based on the covariation principle

A

stranger likes film
personal attribution -
-low consensus (no one else rave about film)
-low distinctiveness (stranger likes many films)
-high consistency (stranger always likes films)

situational attribution -

  • high consensus (many others like film)
  • high distinctiveness (stanger doesnt like other films)
  • high consistency (always likes this film)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

problem with attribution theory and covariation principle

A

do we really follow all these steps?

what about errors in judgement?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

describe ross amabile and steinmetz 1975 attribution errors

A

simulated quiz game where they were randomly assigned to the roles of either questioner or contestant. role of questioner or contestant was randomly allocated to one person in each pair - questionner make own qs
Twenty-four observers watched

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is fundamental attribution error

ross 1977

A

when explaining behaviour we overestimate the role of personal factors and overlook the situation
BUT also have a tendency to attribute situational factors to our own behaviour as opposed to personal ones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is actor observer bias

A

tendency to overlook personal attributions and apply situational attributions to our own behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

taylor and fiske 1975 perceptual salience in fundamental attribution error

A

observers of two confederates having a discussion
diff seating give diff views of confederates
both confederates contribute equally and give fair opinions
observers facing a say actor a more role in discussion and vise versa

underestimate context and when see only certain aspects of behaviour form a bias opinion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

cognitive causes of attribution error

A

perceptual saliency of information and availability
thinking style also influence ie aisan cultures have hollistic thought style that prevents fundamental attribution errors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

motivational causes of attribution error

A

when improve self esteem and self presentation motives - peronally attribute success but situationally attribute failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what defensive biases can occur in attribution error

A

have need for control when hear bad things that happen

  • just cause in just world - good happens to good people and bad to bad peopel
  • victim blaming - attribute to other persons control therefore what happened to them wont happen to you and have ability to prevent
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

mind perception

A

recognise others have agency and experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

dehumanisation

A

representing humans as non human objects or animals and denying them of having thought or emotion
- often in war in propaganda ie nazi call jew ‘rats’
means of self justification of the other group as enemy and able to treat inhumanely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

anthropomorphism

A

representation of non human agents as humans
ie attributing humans emotions to animals
motivated by a need to conntect with and understand the world

19
Q

how is primacy used in social experiments

A

see how information presented can influence impressions that people make
ie list of words begin positive but become negative
- impression positive as first words positive

20
Q

higgins ‘1977 donald’ primacy and priming

A

memorise unrelated words in verbal task either mostly positive or mostly negative
read description of donald (ambiguous)
- pos prime increase pisitive impression

21
Q

how do central traits influence perception of peripheral traits

A

central traits - view person as warm/cold

- therefore assume if warm more generous etc

22
Q

self fulfilling prophecy

A

have a tendency to seek/interpret/create info that verifies existing beliefs - expectations about a person lead them to behave in such a way that the expectations are confirmed

23
Q

trope 2000 who do we judge as being kind

A

photos of people who have round faces, long eyelashes, bug eyes and an upturned mouth
judge as kind > mean

24
Q

types of NVBs

A 
facial expressions ie smiling/frowning
body langage ie approach/avoidance
eye contact and gaze
personal space and physical touch 
tone of voice
25
Q

describe different interpretations of eye contact

A

frequent gazing infers intimact and high self concept/confidence
staring infers dominance and tension
avoiding eye contact infers anxiousness and low self concept

26
Q

how might physical touch determine dominance

henly 1977

A

men, older people and people of higher SES are more likely to instigate physical contact with women, younger individals and low SES groups
thought to imply dominance

27
Q

is NVB innate

A

no
change over cultures
ie bulgaria shake head for yes and nod for no

28
Q

elbefein and nalini 2002 universal facial expressions and cultural differences

A

all cultures can recognise these expressions

BUT better at recognising in people of same nationality/ethnicity

29
Q

why might we have universal expressions?

fox et al 2002

A

adaptive mechanism that allows us all to react effectively to others
ie quicker to pick an angry face our of a crowd and harder to stop looking - able to recognise possible threat stimuli quickly

30
Q

attribution theory heider 1958 Personal Attribution

A

behaviour that is intentional and due to own characteristics
ie explain by reference to their character - “theyre not a nice person”

31
Q

attribution theory heider 1958 situational attribution

A

behaviour not due to self but because of external/contextual factors
ie explain by reference to the context - “theyre having a bad day”

32
Q

Kelley 1971 covariation principle CONSENSUS

A
  • how are other people reacting to this
33
Q

kelley 1971 covariation principle DISTINCTIVENESS

A

person react the same or differently to other stimuli

34
Q

kelley 1971 covariation principle CONSISTENCY

A

is the persons reaction consistent over time

35
Q

results ross amabile and steinmetz 1975 attribution errors

A

contestants and observers rate the questionner as more knowledgable than the contestant even though unlikely - just know the answers to their own questions
make false attributions based on the individuals role in the situation

36
Q

gilbert and malone 1995 perceptual salience in fundamental attribution errors

A

errors due to how we attribute
1 . identify the behaviour and make quick attribution
2. put in cog effort and account for the situation

37
Q

cultural differences in fundamental attribution errors

markus et al 2006

A

differ in what we focus on as a culture
USA highlight athletes personal attributes in success
Japan highlight context and coaching
fundamentals more common in western > aisan cultures

38
Q

motivational causes of attribution error

alicke and largo 1995

A

more likely to percieve own behaviour as socially appropriate and acceptable but less so for other people

39
Q

mind perception AGENCY

A

capacity for planning, intention and goals

40
Q

Mind Perception EXPERIENCE

A

Capacity for feeling, emotion and desire

41
Q

Asch 1956 primacy effect on impressions

A

pps read words describing a person either initially positive or negative
those who eas pos more likely to view a pos and neg as neg

42
Q

what are the different influences on impression formation

A

primacy effect
central traits
priming
imlicit personality theories

43
Q

define confirmation bias

A

tend to seek interpret and create information that coincides with our existing beliefs
ie self fulfilling procphecy

44
Q

reducing bias

awareness

A

knowing about implicit bias and its potentially harmful effects on judgment and behavior may prompt individuals to pursue corrective action (cf. Green, Carney, Pallin, Ngo, Raymond, Iezzoni, & Banaji,
2007).
Although awareness of implicit bias in and of itself is not sufficient to ensure that effective debiasing efforts take place (Kim, 2003), it is a crucial starting point that may prompt individuals to seek out and implement the types of strategies to prevent

PY2PS (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions