Spread And Growth

Question 1

What is the primary pathogen responsible for gonorrhoea?

Answer 1

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Question 2

What are the common presentations of gonorrhoea in males?

Answer 2

Acute urethritis, dysuria, purulent discharge

Question 3

What are the common presentations of gonorrhoea in females?

Answer 3

Endocervical infection, vaginal discharge, sometimes dysuria

Question 4

What complications can arise from untreated gonorrhoea in females?

Answer 4

Pelvic inflammatory disease, sterility

Question 5

What is the role of adhesion proteins in pathogenicity?

Answer 5

Attachment to host tissues

Question 6

What is a key feature of Neisseria gonorrhoeae that allows it to cause infection?

Answer 6

Virulence factors:

1. Porin
2. IgA proteases
3. OPA proteins
4. Pili
5. LPS and peptidoglycan

Question 7

What are the portals of entry for pathogens?

Answer 7

Skin, mucous membranes, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary tract

Question 8

Fill in the blank: The main agent in dental caries is _______.

Answer 8

Streptococcus mutans

Question 9

What is glucan in relation to Streptococcus mutans?

Answer 9

Metabolises dietary sugars to form Insoluble polymers of glucose (Glycocalyx)

Question 10

What structure extends from the surface of the bacterial cell and helps in adhesion?

Answer 10

Glycocalyx

Question 11

Which protein receptor does Neisseria gonorrhoeae use to attach to uroepithelial cells?

Answer 11

Opa

Question 12

What mechanism does Helicobacter pylori use to survive in the stomach?

Answer 12

Neutralises acid using urease

Question 13

What is the primary defence mechanism of the urinary tract against infections?

Answer 13

Flushing of urine

Question 14

True or False: Staphylococcus aureus modifies muramic acid in its peptidoglycan layer to evade lysozyme.

Answer 14

True

Question 15

What is the function of the glycalyx in bacteria?

Answer 15

Attachment to surfaces, protection from the immune system, nutrient store

Question 16

What is a common method for diagnosing Cryptococcus capsule?

Answer 16

India ink staining

Question 17

Which bacterium uses pili to adhere to the bladder mucosal cells?

Answer 17

Escherichia coli

Question 18

What is the mechanism of intracellular replication?

Answer 18

Microorganisms enter susceptible cells and multiply

Question 19

What type of infection does Mycobacterium tuberculosis typically cause?

Answer 19

Disseminated tuberculosis

Question 20

Fill in the blank: The main defence mechanism of the skin is _______.

Answer 20

Antibacterial fatty acids

Question 21

What is the role of Tamm-Horsfell protein in the urinary tract?

Answer 21

Prevents bacterial colonization

Question 22

What type of bacteria are primarily associated with systemic infections?

Answer 22

Gram-negative bacteria

Question 23

What is the role of pili in bacterial infections?

Answer 23

Adhesion to host tissues

Question 24

In Escherichia coli where is the site of attachment and what infection does it cause?

Answer 24

Microvilli of small intestine epithelia

Gastrointestinal infection

Question 25

In Salmonella Typhi where is the site of attachment and what infection does it cause?

Answer 25

Small intestine epithelia
Typhoid

Question 26

In Bordetella pertussis where is the site of attachment and what infection does it cause?

Answer 26

Ciliated cells of the airway
Whooping cough

Question 27

In Vibrio cholerae where is the site of attachment and what infection does it cause?

Answer 27

Tcp
Intestinal epithelium / intestine - cholera

Question 28

In Neisseria gonorrhoeae where is the site of attachment and what disease does it cause?

Answer 28

Urogenital epithelia
Gonorrhoea

Question 29

Name and describe the two types of replication

Answer 29

Extracellular replication
Microorganisms multiply on the cell surface at the site of attachment

Intracellular replication
Microorganisms enter into the susceptible cell and multiply intracellularly