Spread And Growth Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary pathogen responsible for gonorrhoea?

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

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2
Q

What are the common presentations of gonorrhoea in males?

A

Acute urethritis, dysuria, purulent discharge

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3
Q

What are the common presentations of gonorrhoea in females?

A

Endocervical infection, vaginal discharge, sometimes dysuria

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4
Q

What complications can arise from untreated gonorrhoea in females?

A

Pelvic inflammatory disease, sterility

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5
Q

What is the role of adhesion proteins in pathogenicity?

A

Attachment to host tissues

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6
Q

What is a key feature of Neisseria gonorrhoeae that allows it to cause infection?

A

Virulence factors:

  1. Porin
  2. IgA proteases
  3. OPA proteins
  4. Pili
  5. LPS and peptidoglycan
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7
Q

What are the portals of entry for pathogens?

A

Skin, mucous membranes, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary tract

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8
Q

Fill in the blank: The main agent in dental caries is _______.

A

Streptococcus mutans

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9
Q

What is glucan in relation to Streptococcus mutans?

A

Metabolises dietary sugars to form Insoluble polymers of glucose (Glycocalyx)

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10
Q

What structure extends from the surface of the bacterial cell and helps in adhesion?

A

Glycocalyx

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11
Q

Which protein receptor does Neisseria gonorrhoeae use to attach to uroepithelial cells?

A

Opa

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12
Q

What mechanism does Helicobacter pylori use to survive in the stomach?

A

Neutralises acid using urease

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13
Q

What is the primary defence mechanism of the urinary tract against infections?

A

Flushing of urine

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14
Q

True or False: Staphylococcus aureus modifies muramic acid in its peptidoglycan layer to evade lysozyme.

A

True

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15
Q

What is the function of the glycalyx in bacteria?

A

Attachment to surfaces, protection from the immune system, nutrient store

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16
Q

What is a common method for diagnosing Cryptococcus capsule?

A

India ink staining

17
Q

Which bacterium uses pili to adhere to the bladder mucosal cells?

A

Escherichia coli

18
Q

What is the mechanism of intracellular replication?

A

Microorganisms enter susceptible cells and multiply

19
Q

What type of infection does Mycobacterium tuberculosis typically cause?

A

Disseminated tuberculosis

20
Q

Fill in the blank: The main defence mechanism of the skin is _______.

A

Antibacterial fatty acids

21
Q

What is the role of Tamm-Horsfell protein in the urinary tract?

A

Prevents bacterial colonization

22
Q

What type of bacteria are primarily associated with systemic infections?

A

Gram-negative bacteria

23
Q

What is the role of pili in bacterial infections?

A

Adhesion to host tissues

24
Q

In Escherichia coli where is the site of attachment and what infection does it cause?

A

Microvilli of small intestine epithelia

Gastrointestinal infection

25
In Salmonella Typhi where is the site of attachment and what infection does it cause?
Small intestine epithelia Typhoid
26
In Bordetella pertussis where is the site of attachment and what infection does it cause?
Ciliated cells of the airway Whooping cough
27
In Vibrio cholerae where is the site of attachment and what infection does it cause?
Tcp Intestinal epithelium / intestine - cholera
28
In Neisseria gonorrhoeae where is the site of attachment and what disease does it cause?
Urogenital epithelia Gonorrhoea
29
Name and describe the two types of replication
Extracellular replication Microorganisms multiply on the cell surface at the site of attachment Intracellular replication Microorganisms enter into the susceptible cell and multiply intracellularly