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Microbiology > Protozoan Disease > Flashcards

Protozoan Disease Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are protozoa?

A

Microscopic unicellular eukaryotes that lack a rigid cell wall

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2
Q

What is the basic life cycle of Entamoeba histolytica?

A

Infection occurs via ingestion of cysts, excystation in the small intestine, trophozoites colonise the large intestine, cysts passed in faeces

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3
Q

What disease is caused by Giardia lamblia?

A

Giardiasis

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4
Q

List three medically important protozoa.

A
  • Plasmodium spp.
  • Entamoeba spp.
  • Giardia spp.
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5
Q

What is a trophozoite?

A

The active, motile feeding stage of a protozoan organism

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6
Q

True or False: Protozoa can only be parasitic.

A

False

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7
Q

What is the global occurrence of malaria caused by Plasmodium spp.?

A

249 million cases

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8
Q

What is the primary source of infection for Cryptosporidium parvum?

A

Ingestion of faecally contaminated food or water

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9
Q

What is the incubation period for Cryptosporidium parvum infection?

A

5 to 28 days

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10
Q

What are the common symptoms of giardiasis?

A
  • Diarrhoea
  • Pain
  • Cramps
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11
Q

Fill in the blank: The infective stage of Entamoeba histolytica is called _______.

A

trophozoite

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12
Q

What is a common method for preventing Cryptosporidium infections?

A

Awareness and practice of good personal hygiene

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13
Q

What treatment is used for symptomatic Entamoeba histolytica infection?

A

Metronidazole and iodoquinol

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14
Q

What is the life cycle of Giardia lamblia characterized by?

A

Excystation in the small intestine, trophozoites released, attach to the digestive tract

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15
Q

Name one laboratory diagnosis method for Giardia lamblia.

A

Identification of cysts in faeces

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16
Q

What is the role of oocysts in Cryptosporidium parvum’s life cycle?

A

Oocysts are produced and re-released back into the environment

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17
Q

True or False: Cysts of Giardia lamblia are resistant to chlorine.

A

True

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18
Q

What are the two strategies employed by parasitic protozoa to locate a host?

A
  • Have a resistant stage in their life cycle
  • Have a second host
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19
Q

What is the typical outcome for most cases of Cryptosporidiosis?

A

Self-limiting

20
Q

What are the protective structures formed by Entamoeba histolytica called?

A

Cysts

21
Q

Fill in the blank: The disease caused by Entamoeba histolytica is known as _______.

A

amoebic dysentery

22
Q

What is the significance of asymptomatic carriers in protozoan infections?

A

They are important reservoirs for future infection

23
Q

List two other protozoa that were not discussed in detail.

A
  • Leishmania
  • Toxoplasma
24
Q

What is the infective dose for Cryptosporidium parvum?

A

10 – 100 oocysts

25
Q

What is the estimated number of malaria cases in 2022?

A

Approximately 250 million cases

This data is based on CDC statistics.

26
Q

What was the annual death toll from malaria in 2022?

A

608,000 annual deaths

27
Q

In how many countries is malaria endemic?

A

91 countries

28
Q

What percentage of the world’s population is at risk of malaria?

A

40%

29
Q

What are the two most common species of Plasmodium causing malaria?

A

Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax

30
Q

Fill in the blank: Malaria is transmitted by the _______ mosquito.

A

Female Anopheles

31
Q

List the three key stages of the Plasmodium life cycle.

A
  • Human liver stages (pre-erythrocytic cycle)
  • Human blood stages (erythrocytic cycle)
  • Mosquito stages (sporogonic cycle)
32
Q

What are common early symptoms of malaria?

A
  • Fever
  • Headache
  • Chills
33
Q

What severe condition can result from Plasmodium falciparum infection?

A

Cerebral malaria

34
Q

What is the gold standard for malaria diagnosis?

A

Microscopy

35
Q

True or False: Thick blood smears are used for species-level identification of Plasmodium.

A

False

36
Q

What is the purpose of primaquine in malaria treatment?

A

Targets liver stage parasites

37
Q

What is the primary mechanism of the RTS,S vaccine?

A

Targets circumsporozoite protein (CSP) on sporozoites

38
Q

List two antimalarial drugs used in combination with artemisinin.

A
  • Quinine
  • Doxycycline
39
Q

Fill in the blank: The first widespread antimalarial was _______.

A

Quinine

40
Q

What is the function of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) in malaria prevention?

A

Most effective preventative measure against malaria

41
Q

What is the significance of the sterile insect technology (SIT) project?

A

Releases sterile males to reduce mosquito population

42
Q

What is the main challenge in developing malaria vaccines?

A

Requires herd immunity approach

43
Q

What are the limitations of drug treatment for malaria?

A
  • No drug is effective against all stages
  • Resistance can develop rapidly
44
Q

What is the effect of chemoprophylaxis on malaria risk?

A

Reduces malaria risk by approximately 90%

45
Q

What are the blood stage vaccines designed to prevent?

A

Development of asexual stage infected erythrocytes

46
Q

How does the RTS,S vaccine impact the malaria life cycle?

A

Prevents parasites from emerging from the liver

47
Q

What are the three vaccine target sites for malaria?

A
  • Pre-erythrocytic vaccines
  • Blood stage vaccines
  • Transmission blocking vaccines

Microbiology (15 decks)

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