Sport Science Functional Anatomy Test Flashcards
Axial Skeleton
Includes the skull, spinal column, ribs and sternum.
Appendicular
Includes all upper and lower extremities, the shoulder girdle and the pelvic girdle.
4 types of Bones
- Long
- Short
- Flat
- Irregular
5 functions of bones
- Structure
- Movement
- Protection
- Red blood cell Production
- Storage
Long Bones
Long bones have a tubular Shift, and articular surface at each end.
Examples:
- Humerus
- Radius and Ulna
Short Bones
Short bones have a tubular shift, and articular surface.
Examples:
- Phalanges
- Metatarsals and Metacarpals
- Clavicle
Flat Bones
Thin and have broad surfaces.
Examples:
- Scapula
- Ribs
- Sternum
Irregular Bones
Irregular in size and shape and are usually quite compact.
Examples:
- Vertebral Column
- Carpal and Tarsals
- Pattela
1st Function of Bones
Providing rigidity gives the body the shape that supports the weight of the muscles and organs.
2nd Function of Bones
Movement
The skeletal system provides the levers and the anchors for the muscles to pull against.
3rd Function of Bones
Protection
Skull protects the brain, the vertebrae and ribs also have protective functions by encasing delicate structures like the spinal cord, heart and lungs.
Red Blood Cell Production
Red and white blood cells are made in the red marrow of bones. The older you grow, the more yellow marrow the bone consists of and the red marrow will be only at the tips.
Storage
The body uses calcium constantly, and if there isn’t enough calcium in the diet it will consistently take calcium from the bone to compensate.
5 parts of the vertebrae
Cervical Vertebrae
Thoracic Vertebrae
Lumbar Vertebrae
Sacrum
Coccyx
Types of Joints
Fibrous Joints
Cartilaginous Joints
Synovial Joints
Fibrous Joints
Bones are fixed or fused together. No movement is possible. The function of these joints is protection.
Examples: Skull, pelvis, sacrum, sternum
Cartilaginous Joints
Bone ends are separated by a disc or plate at cartilage. Only small amounts of movement are possible.
Examples: Vertebrae, where the ribs join the sternum
Synovial Joints
Bone ends are covered with cartilage. Ligaments hold the bone together. The most common type of joint in the body.
Examples: Knee, elbow, ankle, hip, shoulder, finger, waist
Types of Synovial Joints
Hinge Joint Ball and Socket Gliding Joint Saddle Joint Pivot Joint Ovoid Joint
Ball and Socket Joint
Location:
- Shoulder
- Hip
Movement:
- Rotation allows a lot of movement
Hinge Joint
Location of Joint:
- Elbow
- Knee
- Knuckles
Movement:
Similar to door, can only move on 1 plane.
Gliding Joint
Location:
- Carpals
- Tarsals
Movement:
Slight but large amounts cause significant movement.
Saddle Joint
Location: between carpals and metacarpal of the thumb.
Movement: Allows the thumb to move across the hand.
Pivot Joint
Location:
Radio-ulna joint
1st and 2nd vertebrae
Movement: Rotational Movement
Ovoid Joint
Location:
Carpals
Between the metacarpals at the palm.
Movement: Allows movement in 2 planes.
Functions of the Muscular System
Create movement as skeletal muscles pull on bones.
Maintain posture through the coordinated contraction of muscles.
Stabilise ligaments across the joints.
Maintain bodily functions including blood circulation by the heart muscle.
Types of Muscles
Cardiac Muscle Cell
Smooth Muscle Cell
Skeletal Muscle Cell
Cardiac Muscle Cell
Heart muscle, contracts without exhaustion for the entire length of human life.
Skeletal Muscle Cell
Voluntary control, muscles of the skeleton, creates movement.
Smooth Muscle Cells
Involuntary control, digestive, respiration and blood vessels with smooth muscles.
Ligaments
Ligaments are short bands of tough, flexible tissue, made up of lots of individual fibres, which connect the bones of the body together.
The function of a ligament is to provide a passive limit to the amount of movement between your bones.
Tendons
A tendon is a fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone. It serves to move the bone or structure.
Stroke Volume
The amount of blood the heart pumps out with each beat.
Cardiac Output
The amount of blood that the heart in able to circulate in 1/min.
CARDIAC OUTPUT = Stroke Volume x Beats/min
Cardiac Outputs affected factors:
Individual’s Health
Level of Fitness
Amount of Physical Activity
Pharynx
Responsible for allowing air to move the trachea and food to move to the oesophagus.
Larynx
A special part of the pharynx is called the voice box.
Trachea
The trachea is the long tube that connects your larynx (voice box) to your bronchi.
Bronchi
The bronchi carry air into your lungs. At the end of the bronchi, the bronchioles carry air to small sacs in your lungs called alveoli
Bronchioles and alveoli
Smaller branch of bronchi which ends at smallest alveoli.
Lungs
Where the blood turns from deoxygenated to oxygenated. Where oxygen enters from the atmosphere to the body.
Diaphragm
Contracts and relaxes to control breathing.
Process of Gaseous Exchange.
- Air enters the alveoli through the bronchioles (Inspiration)
- High concentration of O2 and low CO2 - Blood comes towards the alveoli via the pulmonary artery.
- Blood is low O2 and high CO2. - Gas moves from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure. (Diffusion)
- Blood leaves the lungs through the pulmonary vein.
Blood is high in O2 and low in CO2 when it leaves the lungs. - Air leaves the lungs through the bronchioles when we breathe out. (Expiration)
During Inspiration
- Diaphragm contracts and flattens moving downwards.
- Ribs move upwards to open chest.
During Expiration
Diaphragm relaxes and
Air pressure increases to above atmospheric pressure
ribs return to their original position.
Resting Lung Volume size
3 Litres (Average person)
Lung Volume (Max Inspire)
Can raise to 6 Litres.
Lung Volume (Max Expire)
Can lower to 1 Litres.
Total Lung Capacity
The amount of air in the lungs following a max inspiration.
Vital Capacity
The greatest volume of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiration.
Residual Volume
The volume of air that remains in the lungs after a forced max expiration.
Vital Capacity Includes
Tidal volume
Inspiratory reserve volume
Expiratory reserve volume
Tidal Volume
The amount of air that is inspired and expired with each normal breath.
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
Amount of air able to be breathed after a max inspire.
Expiratory Reserve Volume
The amount of air that can be breathed after a max expire.
