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Year 10 2022 > Sport Science Functional Anatomy Test > Flashcards

Sport Science Functional Anatomy Test Flashcards

1
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

Includes the skull, spinal column, ribs and sternum.

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2
Q

Appendicular

A

Includes all upper and lower extremities, the shoulder girdle and the pelvic girdle.

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3
Q

4 types of Bones

A
  • Long
  • Short
  • Flat
  • Irregular
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4
Q

5 functions of bones

A
  • Structure
  • Movement
  • Protection
  • Red blood cell Production
  • Storage
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5
Q

Long Bones

A

Long bones have a tubular Shift, and articular surface at each end.

Examples:

  • Humerus
  • Radius and Ulna
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6
Q

Short Bones

A

Short bones have a tubular shift, and articular surface.

Examples:

  • Phalanges
  • Metatarsals and Metacarpals
  • Clavicle
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7
Q

Flat Bones

A

Thin and have broad surfaces.
Examples:

  • Scapula
  • Ribs
  • Sternum
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8
Q

Irregular Bones

A

Irregular in size and shape and are usually quite compact.
Examples:

  • Vertebral Column
  • Carpal and Tarsals
  • Pattela
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9
Q

1st Function of Bones

A

Providing rigidity gives the body the shape that supports the weight of the muscles and organs.

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10
Q

2nd Function of Bones

A

Movement

The skeletal system provides the levers and the anchors for the muscles to pull against.

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11
Q

3rd Function of Bones

A

Protection
Skull protects the brain, the vertebrae and ribs also have protective functions by encasing delicate structures like the spinal cord, heart and lungs.

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12
Q

Red Blood Cell Production

A

Red and white blood cells are made in the red marrow of bones. The older you grow, the more yellow marrow the bone consists of and the red marrow will be only at the tips.

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13
Q

Storage

A

The body uses calcium constantly, and if there isn’t enough calcium in the diet it will consistently take calcium from the bone to compensate.

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14
Q

5 parts of the vertebrae

A

Cervical Vertebrae

Thoracic Vertebrae

Lumbar Vertebrae

Sacrum

Coccyx

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15
Q

Types of Joints

A

Fibrous Joints

Cartilaginous Joints

Synovial Joints

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16
Q

Fibrous Joints

A

Bones are fixed or fused together. No movement is possible. The function of these joints is protection.

Examples: Skull, pelvis, sacrum, sternum

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17
Q

Cartilaginous Joints

A

Bone ends are separated by a disc or plate at cartilage. Only small amounts of movement are possible.

Examples: Vertebrae, where the ribs join the sternum

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18
Q

Synovial Joints

A

Bone ends are covered with cartilage. Ligaments hold the bone together. The most common type of joint in the body.

Examples: Knee, elbow, ankle, hip, shoulder, finger, waist

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19
Q

Types of Synovial Joints

A 
Hinge Joint
Ball and Socket
Gliding Joint
Saddle Joint
Pivot Joint
Ovoid Joint
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20
Q

Ball and Socket Joint

A

Location:

  • Shoulder
  • Hip

Movement:
- Rotation allows a lot of movement

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21
Q

Hinge Joint

A

Location of Joint:

  • Elbow
  • Knee
  • Knuckles

Movement:
Similar to door, can only move on 1 plane.

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22
Q

Gliding Joint

A

Location:

  • Carpals
  • Tarsals

Movement:
Slight but large amounts cause significant movement.

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23
Q

Saddle Joint

A

Location: between carpals and metacarpal of the thumb.

Movement: Allows the thumb to move across the hand.

24
Q

Pivot Joint

A

Location:
Radio-ulna joint
1st and 2nd vertebrae

Movement: Rotational Movement

25
Q

Ovoid Joint

A

Location:
Carpals
Between the metacarpals at the palm.

Movement: Allows movement in 2 planes.

26
Q

Functions of the Muscular System

A

Create movement as skeletal muscles pull on bones.

Maintain posture through the coordinated contraction of muscles.

Stabilise ligaments across the joints.

Maintain bodily functions including blood circulation by the heart muscle.

27
Q

Types of Muscles

A

Cardiac Muscle Cell

Smooth Muscle Cell

Skeletal Muscle Cell

28
Q

Cardiac Muscle Cell

A

Heart muscle, contracts without exhaustion for the entire length of human life.

29
Q

Skeletal Muscle Cell

A

Voluntary control, muscles of the skeleton, creates movement.

30
Q

Smooth Muscle Cells

A

Involuntary control, digestive, respiration and blood vessels with smooth muscles.

31
Q

Ligaments

A

Ligaments are short bands of tough, flexible tissue, made up of lots of individual fibres, which connect the bones of the body together.

The function of a ligament is to provide a passive limit to the amount of movement between your bones.

32
Q

Tendons

A

A tendon is a fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone. It serves to move the bone or structure.

33
Q

Stroke Volume

A

The amount of blood the heart pumps out with each beat.

34
Q

Cardiac Output

A

The amount of blood that the heart in able to circulate in 1/min.

CARDIAC OUTPUT = Stroke Volume x Beats/min

35
Q

Cardiac Outputs affected factors:

A

Individual’s Health
Level of Fitness
Amount of Physical Activity

36
Q

Pharynx

A

Responsible for allowing air to move the trachea and food to move to the oesophagus.

37
Q

Larynx

A

A special part of the pharynx is called the voice box.

38
Q

Trachea

A

The trachea is the long tube that connects your larynx (voice box) to your bronchi.

39
Q

Bronchi

A

The bronchi carry air into your lungs. At the end of the bronchi, the bronchioles carry air to small sacs in your lungs called alveoli

40
Q

Bronchioles and alveoli

A

Smaller branch of bronchi which ends at smallest alveoli.

41
Q

Lungs

A

Where the blood turns from deoxygenated to oxygenated. Where oxygen enters from the atmosphere to the body.

42
Q

Diaphragm

A

Contracts and relaxes to control breathing.

43
Q

Process of Gaseous Exchange.

A
  1. Air enters the alveoli through the bronchioles (Inspiration)
    - High concentration of O2 and low CO2
  2. Blood comes towards the alveoli via the pulmonary artery.
    - Blood is low O2 and high CO2.
  3. Gas moves from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure. (Diffusion)
  4. Blood leaves the lungs through the pulmonary vein.
    Blood is high in O2 and low in CO2 when it leaves the lungs.
  5. Air leaves the lungs through the bronchioles when we breathe out. (Expiration)
44
Q

During Inspiration

A
  • Diaphragm contracts and flattens moving downwards.

- Ribs move upwards to open chest.

45
Q

During Expiration

A

Diaphragm relaxes and

Air pressure increases to above atmospheric pressure

ribs return to their original position.

46
Q

Resting Lung Volume size

A

3 Litres (Average person)

47
Q

Lung Volume (Max Inspire)

A

Can raise to 6 Litres.

48
Q

Lung Volume (Max Expire)

A

Can lower to 1 Litres.

49
Q

Total Lung Capacity

A

The amount of air in the lungs following a max inspiration.

50
Q

Vital Capacity

A

The greatest volume of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiration.

51
Q

Residual Volume

A

The volume of air that remains in the lungs after a forced max expiration.

52
Q

Vital Capacity Includes

A

Tidal volume

Inspiratory reserve volume

Expiratory reserve volume

53
Q

Tidal Volume

A

The amount of air that is inspired and expired with each normal breath.

54
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

A

Amount of air able to be breathed after a max inspire.

55
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume

A

The amount of air that can be breathed after a max expire.

Year 10 2022 (11 decks)

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