Motor Skills & Coaching Flashcards
What is Skill?
Perform a sequence of movement patterns, successfully, regularly and with a minimum of effort.
Cognitive Skills
Involves the brain and movement is not a major concern e.g. playing chess or solving a problem.
Motor Skills
A learned ability to bring about a predetermined result with a maximum efficiency and minimum outlay of energy.
5 Classifications of Motor Skills
- Muscle Involvement
- Continuity
- Pacing
- Environmental Impact
- Complexity
Muscle Involvement
Fine: Involves small muscle movements, specific body parts e.g. Darts, Archery, Pistol Shooting
Gross: Involve large muscle groups, whole body e.g. Running, Swimming, Skills in most team sports.
Continuity
Discrete: Have a clear beginning and end, usually short in duration. To repeat performer must start again.
e.g. Throw a ball.
Serial: Make up of a number of discrete movements that are combined in a particular order.
e.g. High Jump, Lay-up in basketball.
Continuous: No obvious beginning or end. Can be performed as long as the athlete wishes. The end becomes the beginning of the next.
e.g. Dribbling, Rowing, Running.
Pacing
Self-Paced skills: Timing and execution of the skill, are determined by the performer. e.g. Tennis serve, Javelin, Long Jump.
Externally-Paced Skills: Factors outside the control of the performer determine the timing and execution of the skill.
Environmental Impact
Closed Skill: Performed in a stable and predictable envrionment, where there is no uncertainty or change in conditions.
e.g. Freethrow, Weightlifting.
Open Skill: Movement is continually being varied depending on what is going on around the performer
e.g. Weather, surface conditions, opposition.
Complexity
Simple Skills: Require 1 or 2 elements.
e.g. Running
Complex Skills: Require high levels of all or most of the elements.
3 Phases of Learning
- Cognitive
- Associative
- Autonomous
Cognitive Stage
- Visualising the Skill
- Performer understands the aim
- Lots of experimentation and error
- Relies on feedback and correction
- Not everyone moves past this phase
Associative Stage
- Understand and fundamental skills are aquired
- ‘Practice’ Stage
- Focus on sequencing and correct timing
- Speed increases and errors decrease
Autonomous Stage
- Skills are performed without conscious thoughts of the steps.
- Timing and sequencing is automatic
- Skills are performed with a high amount of accuracy.
Types of cues
- Visual
- Verbal
- Proprioceptive
Visual cues
Information or feedback is provided and is observable.
Verbal cues
Information or feedback that is provided in an audible format.
Proprioceptive
Feedback recieved during the execution of the skill. More specific as to what part of the senses the athlete can improve on.
Sources of feedback
Internal: Information regarding how the movement is kinesethetically felt.
External:
- Intrinsic: Direct result from the body’s action.
- Augumented: From a teacher/coach, important in cognitive stage.
Forms of feedback
Knowledge of results: Recieves regarding the success of the movement in matching a predetermined goal.
Knowledge of performance: Recieves regarding the patterns of movement produced.
Timing of feedback
Concurrent: During the movement, either realising the mistake, or from a coach.
Terminal: After the movement is completed, usually by coach or video.
Augmented feedback
General: For motivation or cheer.
Specific: To improve or praise on a technique identifed.
