Biological Sciences Flashcards
Study for Final Biology Test
Genome
The complete genetic information carried by a haploid of chromosomes.
Gene
Genetic information that codes for a protein product/A section of DNA that codes for a particular characteristic.
Allele
Different types of the same gene.
Each of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.
Dominant
The characteristic that is exposed when present.
Dominant traits are always expressed when the connected allele is dominant, even if only one copy of the dominant trait exists.
Recessive
The trait that is only exposed when both alleles are recessive, is hidden when there is a present dominant allele.
Heterozygous
Two different alleles (both dominant and recessive)
Homozygous
Two of the same allele (EE or ee)
Autosome
All the chromosomes except the sex chromosomes.
Sex Chromosomes
Refers to the chromosmes present in the gametes. They determine the gender of an individual. (The X & Y chromosomes)
Genotype
The complete set of genetic material and refers to the two alleles a person has for a specific gene.
Phenotype
The physical characteristic of a trait that can be observed and seen.
Sex-Linked
The genes that are present on the sex chromosomes
Autosomal
Autosomal traits are controlled by genes on one of the 22 pairs of autosomes. The normal body cells, any cells that are not related to your gametes.
Nucleus
The organelle that is responsible for holding the genetic information in a cell.
Nucleotide
The building blocks of DNA. A nucleotide consists of a base (one of four chemicals: adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine) plus a molecule of sugar and one of phosphoric acid.
Chromosomes
Thread-like structure in the nucleus, composed of DNA and proteins that carry genetic information in the form of genes.
Mitosis
The type of cell division that produces 2 daughter cells identical to the parent cell.
Meiosis
The type of cell division that produces gametes that are half the number of chromosomes from the parents.
Diploid
Two complete sets of chromosomes in an organism’s cells. (2n)
(Like the haploid sperm and ova forming a diploid zygote).
Haploid
The presence of a single set of chromosomes in an organism’s cells in which half is taken from each parent cell during mieosis.
(Human gametes (egg and sperm cells), contain a single set of chromosomes EACH and are said to be haploid.)
Main Function of DNA
The blueprint of cellular life and codes all the cellular functions that build an organism.
Shape and Abbreviation of DNA
DNA is shaped like a double-helix and stands for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid.
The 4 Nitrogen Bases
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine
What is DNA Replication and why does it occur.
the process by which the genome’s DNA is copied in cells. Whenever a cell divides the 2 new daughter cells must contain together with the same genetic information. It occurs in the nucleus of the cell.
How many chromosomes in the human body
46 Chromosomes
How many chromosomes in the human gametes
23 chromosomes
Which gamete is responsible for determining the sex of offspring
Sperm
Sex Chromosome in the ova
X
Sex chromosome in the sperm
X or Y
Where in the body does Mitosis occur
Somatic Cells
Where in the body does meiosis occur
Gametes
Purpose of Mitosis
For the growth of an organism, and the healing of cells.
Purpose of Meiosis
To produce gametes, the sperm and eggs, with half of the genetic complement of the parent cells.
Type of cells made in Mitosis
Somatic Cells
Type of cells made in Meiosis
Sex Cells
Amount of daughter cells produced in mitosis
2
Amount of daughter cells produced in Meiosis
4
Amount of cells involved in cell mitosis
1 cell
Amount of cells involved in Meiosis
2 cells
Are the new daughter cells made in Mitosis Diploid/Haploid
Diploid
Are the new daughter cells in Meiosis Diploid/Haploid
Haploid
Are Mitosis daughter cells Identical/Unique
Identical
Are Meiosis daughter cells identical/unique
Unique
