Sport In Britain After WW2 Flashcards
development of modern day association football
- football was britains major sporting activity as the 20th century progressed with attendence + gate reciepts soaring
- wages were still bad until 2nd half of 20th century due to setting of max wage
- 1900 max wage - £4 and very slow to increase
- Johnny Haynes = first £100-a-week footballer
- late 20th to early 21st century football underwent majot=r comercilisation
- top players known around world with model status
bosman ruling
gives ‘freedom of contract’ to players and huge tranfer fees being paid particulary to a player who is ‘out of contract’
emergence of elite female footballers in modern-day sport
- 1966 = englands hosting of world cup led to resergence of womens football
- 1969 = WFA formed to promote womens game
- 1972 = WFA organised 1st national comp - mitre trophy. 50yr ban of womens football lifted
- 1972 = WFA launched official england team
- 1991 = WFA set up womens pemier league
- 1993 = FA began direct involment in womens football
- 2001/02 = PL club Newport ladies FC firt to broadcast itsmatch highlights
- 2004 = bbc broadcat womens FA cup final to more than 2 million
- 2008/12 = 4 yr strategy programme ended = 20 women got contracts initially earning 16,000 to then 20,000
- 2012 = team GB’s women participated in olympic for first time
- 2013/18 = published a plan called game changer which inlude devlopment for womens foot ball
socio-cultural factors positively influencing womens participation in association football
- equal opportunities
- increased media coverage
- more female role models
- more povision via school PE programmes
- increased encouragement resource investment via the FA
- more clubs forming
- women have more fre time to play
factors affecting the emergence of elite female officials in football
- FA approval in womens football in a variety of roles
- FA natioal referee strategy included new structures such as seperate classifications for men + women
- use of positive role models to encourage women
- FA respect campaign aiming to improve player conduct + behviour toward all refrees
- general increase in equality in society + recognition of womens ability to officiat football matches of high levels
number of barriers that female referees still face
- physical/psychological indimidation
- lack of adherence to FA respect protocol
- personal factors - sexism + merginalisation
- organisational factors
- lack of female role models at elite level of football refereeing
development of modern day lawn tenis
- Modern day tennis spread around the world when it was realised they could earn money and pro tours started as early as 1920s
- However top 4 majors were strictly for amateurs
- 1968 – commercial pressures led to ‘open era’ which is when professional tennis players were allowed to compete against amateurs and earn money
emergence of elite female tennis players in modern day spot
- WTA = womens tennis association
- 1874 Lawn Tennis created and both makes and females could play
- Seen as low impact and could wear traditional attire to play
- 1884 1st female participation at Wimbledon
- Billie Jean King fought for equality in pay
- 2007 equal pay for males and females at Wimbledon
devlopment of modern-day trak + field athletics
- trust funds eventually established which allowedathletes to safeguard their eligability to take part in amateur comps but still recieve financial rewards
- today no trust funds as payment is directly to them
- end of of 20th century IAAF established + organised a number of of major internatuional athletics comps were they could earn considerable amounts fo money
emergence of elite female athletes in modern-day sport
- treatment of women remained indifferent
- women still excluded from a number of event in olympics
- marathon no available for women until 1984
- triple jump + hammer only introduced between 1996 + 2000
- capabilities + stereotypes of elite level female athletes still being challenged
golden triangle
sport, the media and spondorship all closely linked + mutually dependent. each on relies on the other e.g.
- without media, sport is less attractive to sponsors
- media used to gain viewers, listeners, readers
- sponsors + buissnesses use media to advertise their products/services
characteristics of comercial sport
- professional sport = high quality + skill levels
- sponsorhips + buisnesses go hand-in-hand
- entertainment
- ontracts = sales of merch
- athletes as commodities = assets to copmpanies
- wide spread media coverage have high skill levels
effects of commercialisation of sport
- rules + scoring systems changed to speed of the action + prevent spectator boredom
- breaks extended so that sponsors can advertise products
- comp formats have changed
- sports played by women recieve less coverage
- increase of tech throuh media has led to more personalised experience for viewer
media
TV, newspaper, radio, internet + social media
globalisation in sport seen as;
- sponsorship events
- the way players are recruited to play for teams
- the spreading of different sport to new nations
- increased pressure on athletes to perform their best, may lead to illegal substances to maintain high leveled performance
impact of social media on sport
twitter, facebook, insta, blogsport, world press, youtube
youtube may help encourage them to reach their goals
social media may have empowered athletes at every level to engage with a much larger audience however several athletes got in trouble for posting on their socials
althetes now need to know the responsabilities and liability that go with such soclia media communications
