Impact Of Skill Classification On Structure Of Practice For Learning

Question 1

Methods of presenting practice

Answer 1

• Whole
• Whole-part-whole
• progressive part (chaining)

Question 2

Whole practice

Answer 2

Def = skill presented in entirety + not broken down
When to use = highly organised, continuous, simple, discrete, fast, performer autonomous
Advantages = fluency between subroutines, kinaesthesis developed, not time consuming, creates clear mental image, aids understanding
Disadvantages = not for cognitive, can cause info overload, must be physically capable to perform skill
Example = gold swing, tennis serve

Question 3

Whole-part-whole

Answer 3

Def = attempt full skill, the subroutines, then whole skill
When used = complex, fast, performer is cognitive grooving skill, performer is autonomous focusing on weakness
Advantages = subroutines improved, fluency maintained, kinaesthesis maintained in the whole.
Disadvantages = time consuming, cannot use with highly organised, fluency can be negatively affected if not integrated.
Example = front crawl

Question 4

Progressive part (chaining)

Answer 4

Def = first subroutine learnt + perfected before other subroutines follow
When used = low organisation, serial, complex, dangerous, performer is cognitive
Advantages = focuses on one part of skill reduces chance of info overload, aids understanding, increases confidence + motivation as success seen, danger reduced
Disadvantages = very time consuming, can’t use highly organised skills, fluency can be negatively effected, kinaesthesis not experienced until very end
Example = triple jump (hop,step, hop + step, jump, hot+step+jump together)

Question 5

Types of practice

Answer 5

Massed
Distributed
Variable
Mental

Question 6

Massed

Answer 6

Def = continuous practice without rest
When used = skill = discrete, closed, self-paced, simple, performer = highly motivated, autonomous, physically fit
Advantages = grooves, motor programmes are formed, improves fitness
Disadvantages = causes fatigue, performer may not be physically capable of undertaking practice, no time for feedback
Examples = badminton player attempting to perfect short serve

Question 7

Distributed

Answer 7

Def = practice with rest periods
When used = skill = continuous, complex, serial, low organisation, tiring, externally paced, open. Performer = cognitive, unfit, lacking motivation
Advantages = more effective then massed, allows recovery time, allows mental practice, allows feedback
Disadvantages = time consuming, can cause negative transfer
Example = triathlon performer

Question 8

Variable

Answer 8

Def = practising skills + drills in constantly changing environment
When used = skill = open, externally paced, complex. Performer = cognitive, lacking motivation
Advantages = develops schema, increases motivation, gains Experian e of different situations, positive transfer from training to game
Disadvantages = time consuming, can cause fatigue, possibly info overload, can cause negative transfer
Example = practicing 3v2 attacking play in rugby

Question 9

Mental

Answer 9

Def = going over skill in mind without moving
(Internal = seeing performance from within, external = seeing from outside view eg spectator)
When used = skill = complex, serial. Performer = cognitive (builds mental image), autonomous (focus on key strategies)
Advantages = produces mental image, performers see success, can rehearse strategies, increases confidence, reduces anxiety, muscles stimulated, improves reaction time
Disadvantages = cognitive struggle to complete effectively, mental image must be accurate, difficult if environment not quiet.
Example = triple jumper about to take final jump