spirochetes Flashcards

1
Q

what is a spirochete ?

A

a bacteria with a long corkscrew shape

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2
Q

what are the three spirochetes ?

A

leptospira
borrelia
treponema

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3
Q

where is leptospira found ?

A

found in contaminated water with rat urine
lives in rodent

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4
Q

what is the presentation of leptospirosis ?

A

flu like symptoms
myalgia classically of the calves
conjunctival suffusion
aseptic meningitis
Weils disease - liver damage presents with jaundice and anemia

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5
Q

what does borrelia cause ?

A

lyme disease which is caused by tick bites

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6
Q

what is the reservoir for borrelia ?

A

mice

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7
Q

what is the association between deer and borrelia ?

A

infected adult ticks feed on deer

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8
Q

how long must the tick be attached to transmit borrelia

A

at least 48 hours

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9
Q

what are the stages of lyme disease ?

A

stage 1 - erythema chronicum migrans , an expanding bulls eye rash along with flu like symptoms

stage 2 - neurologic findings, facial nerve palsy along with AV block

stage 3 - arthiritis of the knee , neuropathy , mild encephalopathy

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10
Q

what does the european version of leptospirosis look like ?

A

a blue red discoloration rash
acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans

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11
Q

what is the first line treatment for lyme disease ?

A

doxycycline

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12
Q

what is the cause of relapsing fever ?

A

borrelia recurrentis

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13
Q

what is borrelia recurrentis transmitted by ?

A

louse

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14
Q

what is the cause of the recurrent fever caused by borrelia recurrentis ?

A

antigenic variation which evades the immune response

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15
Q

what is the bacteria causing syphillus ?

A

treponema syphillus

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16
Q

what type of microscopy is used to see syphillus ?

A

dark field microscopy

17
Q

what are the three stages of syphillus ?

A

primary - 2-3 weeks after exposure , painless chancres

secondary syphillus - maculopapular rash involving the palms and soles along with flu like symptoms , condyloma lata

tertiary syphillus- gummas , a type of granuloma ,aortitis , neurosyphilis

18
Q

what are the rashes that involve the palm and the sole ?

A

coxsackie virus
secondary syphillus
rocky mountain spotted fever

19
Q

what does condyloma lata look like and where are they found ?

A

cauliflower like lesion usually appear in the same place that the chancre was
found in moist areas like them perineum and the inside of the mouth

20
Q

what are the special manifestations of tertiary syphillus ?

A

argyll robertson pupils - do not constrict to light but constrict to accommodation

tabes dorsalis - wide based gait ataxia ( involvement of the spinal cord)

21
Q

how is the diagnosis of syphillus done ?

A

VDRL and RPR
they are screening tests , must follow up after

22
Q

how does VDRL work ?

A

serum of the patient reacts with cardiolipin antigen

23
Q

what test must be done for patients who have neurosyphillus ?

A

CSF sample must be taken

24
Q

what is the more specific test for syphillus ?

A

FTA-ABS treponemal test

25
what are the findings of congenital syphillus ?
hepatomegaly rhagdaes ( linear lines in the corner of the mouth ) snuffles saddle nose notched teeth ( hutchinsons teeth) CN 8 deafness mulberry molars
26
what are the late findings associated with congenital syphillus ?
saddle nose hearing loss saber shins ( bowed legs)
27
what is the treatment for syphillus ?
penicillin
28
what happens after the treatment of syphillus ?
a flu like reaction occurs called jarisch herxheimer reaction self limiting and expected
29
what are the causes of false positive results in association with the VDRL test ?
viral infections drugs rheumatic fever lupus pregnancy
30
what comma shaped bacteria has polar granules ?
campylobacter
31
what are the lab features of h pylori ?
triple positive catalase positive urease positive oxidase positive