other gram negatives

Question 1

what gram negative diplococci is a colonizer of the airway and may cause otitis media ?

Answer 1

moraxella catarrhalis

Question 2

what are the 2 important species of neisseria and what do they look like ?

Answer 2

meningitidis and gonorrhea
gram negative cocci in pairs (diplococci)

Question 3

what do the different species of neisseria ferment ?

Answer 3

meningococcus ferments maltose
gonococcus ferments only glucose

Question 4

what antibiotic is often used for neisseria infection ?

Answer 4

ceftriaxone
3rd generation cepahlosporin

Question 5

what is the virulence factor associated with the neisseria species ?

Answer 5

IgA protease

Question 6

how is meningitides transmitted ?

Answer 6

transmitted through respiratory droplets

Question 7

what is the main virulence factor of neisseria meningitides ?

Answer 7

the outer polysaccharide capsule which prevents phagocytosis
along with the LOS outer membrane which acts as an endotoxin

Question 8

what does the n meningitides vaccine contain ?

Answer 8

capsular polysacchrides
cause anti capsule antibodies

Question 9

what is the compliocation associated with neisseria meningitides ?

Answer 9

often associated with meningococcemia
sepsis
DIC
waterhouse fredrichsen syndrome ( low cortisol levels)

Question 10

if a patient with n meningitis present with a rash what is the most likely diagnosis ?

Answer 10

meningococcemia

Question 11

what is the prophylaxis of n meningitis ?

Answer 11

rifampin or ciprofloxacin

Question 12

what autoimmune defeciency disorder is associated with recurrent neisseria meningitis infections ?

Answer 12

problem with the alternative pathway
C5-C9 defeciency
also recurrent infections with encapsulated bacteria

Question 13

what are the diseases associated with N gonorrhea ?

Answer 13

gonorrhea
PID
septic arthritis
neonatal conjunctivitis
Fitz-Hugh-Curtis Syndrome

Question 14

why dont you get long term immunity from gonorrhea ?

Answer 14

antigenic variation of pilus protein

Question 15

why cant there be a vaccination for gonorrhea ?

Answer 15

due to antigenic variation of pilus protein

Question 16

what does gonorrhea as an STD present as in women vs men ?

Answer 16

men - urethritis
women - cervicitis but not painful

Question 17

what is the common co infection with gonorrhea ?

Answer 17

chlamydia

Question 18

what sign is associated with PID ?

Answer 18

dyspareunia ( painful intercourse)
cervical motion tenderness ( chandelier sign)

Question 19

what is fitx hugh curtis syndrome ?

Answer 19

perihepatitis
inflammatin of glisson capsule

Question 20

what specific sign is associated with fitz hugh curtis syndrome ?

Answer 20

violin string adhesions
associated with pleuritic pain

Question 21

what is the most likely diagnosis in a young sexually active patient who presents with swollen warm painful knee ?

Answer 21

septic arthritis

Question 22

what is the prophylaxis for neonatal conjunctivitis ?

Answer 22

erythromycin opthalmic ointment

Question 23

what stain is often used for chlamydia ?

Answer 23

giemsa stain and for intracellular bacteria 3amatan

Question 24

what is the treatment for chlamydia ?

Answer 24

azithromycin doxycycline

Question 25

what are the two phases of mthe chlamydia life cycle ?

Answer 25

1- elementary body enters the cell through endocytosis non active but infectious 2- reticulate body replicates inside the cell through fission metabollically active but non infectious

Question 26

what are the 3 types of chlamydia ?

Answer 26

chlamydia trachomatis chlamydophila pneumonia chlamydophila psittaci

Question 27

what is the presentation of chlamydia in newborns ?

Answer 27

can either cause conjunctivitis or cause pneumonia

Question 28

what is the presentation of pneumonia caused by chlamydia in newborns ?

Answer 28

classic feature is staccato cough inspiration between each single cough often have a history of conjunctivitis

Question 29

what are the tests for chlamydia ?

Answer 29

NAAT test

Question 30

what autoimmune diease is associated with chlamydia infection and what is the treatment ?

Answer 30

reactive arthritis : Reiters syndrome arthritis conjunctivitis urethritis treated with NSAIDS

Question 31

what happens when chlamydia enters the lymphatics ?

Answer 31

lymphogranulosum venereum no urethritis is associated first presents with genital ulcers then later on painful inguinal lymph nodes

Question 32

what eye disease can be caused by chlamydia ?

Answer 32

trachoma

Question 33

enumrate the c trachomatis serotypes and the diseases they cause :

Answer 33

A,B,C : trachoma D through K : urethritis, PID, neonatal pneumonia and conjunctivitis L1,L2,L3: lymphogranuloma venereum

Question 34

what are the oxidase positive coma shaped organisms ?

Answer 34

campylobacter and vibrio

Question 35

what does the term microaephilic mean ?

Answer 35

mean the organisms require oxygen to live but live better with lower levels of oxygen this includes vibrio and campylobacter

Question 36

what is the most common cause of acute diarrhea in children ?

Answer 36

campylobacter

Question 37

what autoimmune disease does campylobacter often trigger ?

Answer 37

guillian barre

Question 38

what is the cholera toxin carried by ?

Answer 38

by a bacteriophagea

Question 39

what is the mechanism of action of the cholera toxin ?

Answer 39

permanently activates Gs and hence increasing the levels of cAMP

Question 40

rice water diarrhea is specific to which pathogen ?

Answer 40

cholera

Question 41

what drugs may be associated with a higher risk of cholera infection ?

Answer 41

acid suppression drugs

Question 42

what are the other two vibrio ( not cholera) and what are their associated features ?

Answer 42

vulnificus - can infect wounds after swimming in fresh water parahemolyticus both cause food poisoning , found in oysters

Question 43

what does the HIb vaccine have ?

Answer 43

type B capsule conjugated to carrier protein

Question 44

what are the infections associated with h influenza b ?

Answer 44

epiglottitis - sore throat , difficulity breathing in an unvaccinated child meningitis otitis media pneumonia sinusitis

Question 45

what is a classic sign seen in epiglottitis ?

Answer 45

epiglottis will appear cherry red

Question 46

what type of haemophilus is associated with genital ulcers ?

Answer 46

haemophilus ducreyi causes painful genital ulcers forms chancroid

Question 47

how are chancres in syphillus differentiated from chancres in h ducreyi ?

Answer 47

syphillus chancres are non painful h ducreyi chancres are painful

Question 48

what are the features for each of these diseases : syphillus h ducreyi herpes lymphogranuloma venereum

Answer 48

syphillus: painless chancre h ducreyi : painful chancre herpes : multiple vesicle/ulcers lymphogranuloma venereum : large swollen lymph nodes

Question 49

what is the cause and presentation of whooping cough ?

Answer 49

bordatella pertussis URI with severe coughing post couggh vomiting can last for weeks

Question 50

what is the mechanis of pertussis toxin ?

Answer 50

inhibition of Gi proteins allows over activation of adenylate cyclase impaired recruitment of neutrophils

Question 51

where is yersinia enterocolitica found ?

Answer 51

in domesticated animals often transmitted through pork

Question 52

what inflammatory response does yersinia enterocolitica cause ?

Answer 52

mesenteric adenitis which may mimic crohn's or appendicitis

Question 53

what bacteria is described to have a safety pin appearance ?

Answer 53

yersinia