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USMLE microbiology > other gram negatives > Flashcards

other gram negatives Flashcards

1
Q

what gram negative diplococci is a colonizer of the airway and may cause otitis media ?

A

moraxella catarrhalis

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2
Q

what are the 2 important species of neisseria and what do they look like ?

A

meningitidis and gonorrhea
gram negative cocci in pairs (diplococci)

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3
Q

what do the different species of neisseria ferment ?

A

meningococcus ferments maltose
gonococcus ferments only glucose

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4
Q

what antibiotic is often used for neisseria infection ?

A

ceftriaxone
3rd generation cepahlosporin

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5
Q

what is the virulence factor associated with the neisseria species ?

A

IgA protease

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6
Q

how is meningitides transmitted ?

A

transmitted through respiratory droplets

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7
Q

what is the main virulence factor of neisseria meningitides ?

A

the outer polysaccharide capsule which prevents phagocytosis
along with the LOS outer membrane which acts as an endotoxin

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8
Q

what does the n meningitides vaccine contain ?

A

capsular polysacchrides
cause anti capsule antibodies

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9
Q

what is the compliocation associated with neisseria meningitides ?

A

often associated with meningococcemia
sepsis
DIC
waterhouse fredrichsen syndrome ( low cortisol levels)

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10
Q

if a patient with n meningitis present with a rash what is the most likely diagnosis ?

A

meningococcemia

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11
Q

what is the prophylaxis of n meningitis ?

A

rifampin or ciprofloxacin

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12
Q

what autoimmune defeciency disorder is associated with recurrent neisseria meningitis infections ?

A

problem with the alternative pathway
C5-C9 defeciency
also recurrent infections with encapsulated bacteria

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13
Q

what are the diseases associated with N gonorrhea ?

A

gonorrhea
PID
septic arthritis
neonatal conjunctivitis
Fitz-Hugh-Curtis Syndrome

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14
Q

why dont you get long term immunity from gonorrhea ?

A

antigenic variation of pilus protein

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15
Q

why cant there be a vaccination for gonorrhea ?

A

due to antigenic variation of pilus protein

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16
Q

what does gonorrhea as an STD present as in women vs men ?

A

men - urethritis
women - cervicitis but not painful

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17
Q

what is the common co infection with gonorrhea ?

A

chlamydia

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18
Q

what sign is associated with PID ?

A

dyspareunia ( painful intercourse)
cervical motion tenderness ( chandelier sign)

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19
Q

what is fitx hugh curtis syndrome ?

A

perihepatitis
inflammatin of glisson capsule

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20
Q

what specific sign is associated with fitz hugh curtis syndrome ?

A

violin string adhesions
associated with pleuritic pain

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21
Q

what is the most likely diagnosis in a young sexually active patient who presents with swollen warm painful knee ?

A

septic arthritis

22
Q

what is the prophylaxis for neonatal conjunctivitis ?

A

erythromycin opthalmic ointment

23
Q

what stain is often used for chlamydia ?

A

giemsa stain and for intracellular bacteria 3amatan

24
Q

what is the treatment for chlamydia ?

A

azithromycin doxycycline

25
Q

what are the two phases of mthe chlamydia life cycle ?

A

1- elementary body
enters the cell through endocytosis
2- reticulate body
replicates inside the cell through fission

26
Q

what are the 3 types of chlamydia ?

A

chlamydia trachomatis
chlamydophila pneumonia
chlamydophila psittaci

27
Q

what is the presentation of chlamydia in newborns ?

A

can either cause conjunctivitis or cause pneumonia

28
Q

what is the presentation of pneumonia caused by chlamydia in newborns ?

A

classic feature is staccato cough
inspiration between each single cough
often have a history of conjunctivitis

29
Q

what are the tests for chlamydia ?

A

NAAT test

30
Q

what autoimmune diease is associated with chlamydia and what is the treatment ?

A

reactive arthritis : Reiters syndrome
arthritis
conjunctivitis
urethritis
treated with NSAIDS

31
Q

what happens when chlamydia enters the lymphatics ?

A

lymphogranulosum venereum
no urethritis is associated
first presents with genital ulcers
then later on painful inguinal lymph nodes

32
Q

what eye disease can be caused by chlamydia ?

A

trachoma

33
Q

enumrate the c trachomatis serotypes and the diseases they cause :

A

A,B,C : trachoma

D through K : urethritis, PID, neonatal pneumonia and conjunctivitis

L1,L2,L3: lymphogranuloma venereum

34
Q

what are the oxidase positive coma shaped organisms ?

A

campylobacter and vibrio

35
Q

what does the term microaephilic mean ?

A

mean the organisms require oxygen to live but live better with lower levels of oxygen
this includes vibrio and campylobacter

36
Q

what is the most common cause of acute diarrhea in children ?

A

campylobacter

37
Q

what autoimmune disease does campylobacter often trigger ?

A

guillian barre

38
Q

what is the cholera toxin carried by ?

A

by a bacteriophagea

39
Q

what is the mechanism of action of the cholera toxin ?

A

permanently activates Gs and hence increasing the levels of cAMP

40
Q

rice water diarrhea is specific to which pathogen ?

A

cholera

41
Q

what drugs may be associated with a higher risk of cholera infection ?

A

acid suppression drugs

42
Q

what are the other two vibrio ( not cholera) and what are their associated features ?

A

vulnificus - can infect wounds after swimming in fresh water
parahemolyticus
both cause food poisoning , found in oysters

43
Q

what does the HIb vaccine have ?

A

type B capsule
conjugated to carrier protein

44
Q

what are the infections associated with h influenza b ?

A

epiglottitis - sore throat , difficulity breathing in an unvaccinated child
meningitis
otitis media
pneumonia
sinusitis

45
Q

what is a classic sign seen in epiglottitis ?

A

epiglottis will appear cherry red

46
Q

what type of haemophilus is associated with genital ulcers ?

A

haemophilus ducreyi
causes painful genital ulcers
forms chancroid

47
Q

how are chancres in syphillus differentiated from chancres in h ducreyi ?

A

syphillus chancres are non painful
h ducreyi chancres are painful

48
Q

what are the features for each of these diseases :
syphillus
h ducreyi
herpes
lymphogranuloma venereum

A

syphillus: painless chancre
h ducreyi : painful chancre
herpes : multiple vesicle/ulcers
lymphogranuloma venereum : large swollen lymph nodes

49
Q

what is the cause and presentation of whooping cough ?

A

bordatella pertussis
URI with severe coughing
post couggh vomiting
can last for weeks

50
Q

what is the mechanis of pertussis toxin ?

A

inhibition of Gi proteins
allows over activation of adenylate cyclase
impaired recruitment of neutrophils

51
Q

where is yersinia enterocolitica found ?

A

in domesticated animals
often transmitted through pork

52
Q

what inflammatory response does yersinia enterocolitica cause ?

A

mesenteric adenitis
which may mimic crohn’s or appendicitis

USMLE microbiology (14 decks)

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