malaria Flashcards

1
Q

what does malaria infect ?

A

red blood cells are infected by plasmodium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how are you infected by malaria ?

A

bite of anopheles mosquito
caused by plasmodium species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the most dangerous form of malaria ?

A

falciparum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

whata re the common symptoms of malaria ?

A

paroxysm of fever
anemia due to RBC infection may be associated with jaundice
splenomegaly
non specific symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the rare symptoms of malaria ?

A

altered consciousness
seizures
blackwater fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is blackwater fever ?

A

rare symptom associated with the falcipatum species where there is renal failure along with hemoglobinuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the presentation of P vivax and ovale ?

A

tertian fever type, where there is a fever every three days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

why does recurring infection happen in the ovale and vivax species ?

A

becasue there is a dormant form in the liver
hypnozoites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the treatment for the dormant form of p vivax and ovale ?

A

primaquine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the presentation of p malariae ?

A

classically has a 72hr cycle of fevers
fever every 4 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what type of RBC invasion is associated with p falciparum vs any other type of malaria ?

A

the falciparum invades RBCs at any age
whilst the rest only invade the mature form - reticulocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the virulence factors associated with falciprum ?

A

induces sticky knobs on RBC surfaces
these knobs are made up of parasite proteins (PfEMP1)
which results in occluded capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what do the “ sticky knobs” on RBCs infected by falciparum cause ?

A

results in occluded capillaries in the brain ( cerebral malaria)
renal failure (blackwater fever)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how is a diagnosis of malaria made ?

A

geimsa stain peripheral blood smear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what forms of the parasite are seen on peripheral blood smear ?

A

trophozoite
schizont with merozoites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the features that make red blood cells more or less likely to be attacked by malaria ?

A

1- duffy antigen - which is necessary for vivax infection
an absence of it is protective
2- sickle cell - those with sickle cell are immune to malaria (HbS have a lower risk)
3- thalassemia reduces parasite multiplication

17
Q

what is the mechanism of chloroquine ?

A

choloroquin blocks the parasite from making hemozoin , which is originally heme but was made so by the enzyme heme polymerase
which is blocked by chloroquine

( the heme portion is toxic to the plasmodium)

18
Q

what is the main use of chloroquine ?

A

only kills the erythrocytic form

19
Q

what is the main adverse effect associated with chloroquine ?

A

retinopathy associated with long term use

20
Q

what drugs are used for severe infections of malaria ?

A

artesunate
quinidine

21
Q

what drug is commonly used for prophylaxis of malaria ?

A

mefloquine

22
Q

which drug is used in chloroquine resistant areas ?

A

mefloquine

23
Q

what drug is used to treat the liver phase of malaria ?

A

primaquine

24
Q

what are the other uses of malaria drugs ?

A

immune suppression , causes decreased activation of B cells
Ra and lupus

25
Q

what disease must be tested for before the administration of malarial drugs ?

A

G6PD deficiency

26
Q

where does the protozoa go after the mosquito bite ?

A

travels to the liver through the blood stream

27
Q

what is the infective form of the protozoa ?

A

sporozites

28
Q

in reference to the cycle of the protozoa what cause the infection ?

A

the release of the merozoites

29
Q

where does the plasmodium mature ?

A

in the RBC in the ring form

30
Q

what form does the protooa exist in the liver vs in the RBC ?

A

liver - schiznot
in the RBC - trophozite then schiznot