Spine LO's

Question 1

What vertebrae structures function for muscle attachment and movement?

Answer 1

spinous process

transverse process

Question 2

What vertebrae structures function to restrict movement?

Answer 2

articular processes

Question 3

What vertebrae structures function to protect the spinal cord?

Answer 3

vertebral arch

Question 4

What vertebral structure functions to support the weight of the body?

Answer 4

vertebral body

Question 5

What happens to vertebrae with advancing age?

Answer 5

decrease in bone density
articular surfaces bow inward
compression at periphery
osteophytes form in response

Question 6

What are the primary curvatures of the vertebral column?

Answer 6

thoracic and sacral

kyphotic

Question 7

What are the secondary curvatures of the vertebral column?

Answer 7

cervical
lumbar
(lordotic)

Question 8

Why do intervertebral discs most commonly herniate posterolaterally? What do they affect?

Answer 8

Because of the spinal cord

impact lower spinal nerve level

Question 9

What are the 6 ligaments of the spine and what motions do they restrict?

Answer 9

anterior longitudinal: hyperextension
posterior longitudinal: hyperflexion
supraspinous: helps maintain upright posture; resists forward flexion
interspinous: between spinous processes; limit flexion
ligamentum flavum: between laminae; resist terminal flexion between vertebrae
intertransverse: limit lateral flexion

Question 10

Describe ligamentum nuchae

Answer 10

located in cervical spine, median septum, attachment site for splenius capitus

Question 11

Primary movements of the spine (6)

Answer 11

Flexion, extension, lateral flexion, lateral extension, rotation of cervical, rotation of upper trunk

Question 12

Zygapophysial joint orientation angles and movements allowed in each region

Answer 12

Cervical = 45° ; allow flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation
Thoracic = 60° ; limited lateral flexion and rotation
Lumbar = 90° ; limited lateral flexion and rotation

Question 13

Extrinsic superficial back muscles and innervation

Answer 13

trapezius
latissimus dorsi
levator scapulae
rhomboids

cranial nerve XI, ventral rami of spinal nn.

Question 14

Extrinsic intermediate back muscles and innervation

Answer 14

Serratus posterior superior
Serratus posterior inferior

intercostal nn.

Question 15

Intrinsic superficial back muscles and innervation

Answer 15

splenius capitus
splenius cervicis

dorsal rami of spinal nn.

Question 16

Intrinsic intermediate back muscles and innervation

Answer 16

Erector spinae: spinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis

lateral branch or dorsal rami of spinal nn.

Question 17

Intrinsic intermediate back muscles

Answer 17

Spinalis (thoracis, cervicis, semicapitis)
Longissimus (capitus, cervicis, thoracis)
Iliocostalis (cervicis, thoracis, lumborum)

Question 18

Intrinsic deep back muscles and innervation

Answer 18

transversospinales
interspinales, intertransversarii (proprioception)
dorsal rami of spinal nn.

Question 19

Transversospinales muscles

Answer 19

semispinalis capitus, thoracis, cervicis
multifidus
rotatores longus and brevis

Question 20

Serratus posterior superior attachments

Answer 20

spinous processes of C7-T3
to
inferior borders of ribs 2-5

Question 21

Serratus posterior superior function

Answer 21

proprioception of thoracic wall

Question 22

Segmental innervation of serratus posterior superior

Answer 22

T1-T4

Question 23

Serratus posterior inferior attachments

Answer 23

spinous processes of T11-L2
to
inferior border of ribs 9-12

Question 24

Serratus posterior inferior function

Answer 24

proprioception of thoracic wall

Question 25

Serratus posterior inferior segmental innervation

Answer 25

T9-T12

Question 26

Erector spinae attachments

Answer 26

thoracolumbar fascia attached to sacrum, iliac crest, spinous processes T11-L5, supraspinous ligament, angles of ribs
to
costal angles (iliocostalis), ribs & transverse processes (longissimus), spinous processes (spinalis)

Question 27

Actions of erector spinae

Answer 27

extension & lateral flexion of the vertebral column

Question 28

Semispinalis attachments

Answer 28

transverse processes
to
distant superior spinous processes

Question 29

Semispinalis actions

Answer 29

Exetnsion and contralateral rotation of vertebral column

Question 30

Multifidus attachments

Answer 30

sacrum, posterior SI ligament, posterior iliac spine, transverse processes
to
more superior spinous processes

Question 31

Multifidus actions

Answer 31

extension and contralateral rotation of vertebral column

Question 32

Rotatores attachments

Answer 32

transverse to spinous process of vertebra above

Question 33

Rotatores actions

Answer 33

extension and contralateral rotation of the vertebral column

Question 34

Interspinales attachments

Answer 34

between spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae

Question 35

Interspinales action

Answer 35

extension of spine

Question 36

Intertransversarii attachments

Answer 36

between transverse processes of adjacent vertebrae

Question 37

Intertransversarii action

Answer 37

lateral flexion of spine

Question 38

Splenius cervicis attachments

Answer 38

from spinous processes of T3-T6
to
posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C1-C3

Question 39

Splenius cervicis actions

Answer 39

extension, lateral flexion, ipsilateral rotation

Question 40

Splenius capitus attachments

Answer 40

ligamentum nuchae and spinous processes T4-C7
to
mastoid process

Question 41

Splenius capitus actions

Answer 41

extension, lateral flexion, ipsilateral rotation

Question 42

Function of ventral root of spinal nerves

Answer 42

Lower motor neurons, pregang symp, pregang parasymp

Question 43

Function of dorsal root

Answer 43

sensory

Question 44

Ventral ramus function

Answer 44

sensory, lower motor neurons, postgang symp

Question 45

Dorsal ramus functions

Answer 45

sensory, lower motor neurons, postgang symp (posterior neck, back)