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Movement Science > Spine > Flashcards

Spine Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Spine function

A
  1. support head and trunk
  2. ligament, muscle and bone attachment
  3. protect spinal cord and internal organs
  4. allow trunk mobility
  5. shock absorption
  6. link between UE and LE
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2
Q

What makes up the upper cervical spine

A

Occipital-atlanto (O-C1) and Atlanta-axial (C1-C2)

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3
Q

What makes lower cervical spine

A

C2-C7 (inferior articular facets of the C2)

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4
Q

Occipital-Atlantal joint

A

AO joint
-occipital condyles (convex) with concave lateral masses of atlas
-synovial joint (no disc)

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5
Q

Occipital-Atlantal Joint ROM (osteokinematics)

A

flexion: 5º
extension: 10º
Lateral bending: 5º
rotation 0º

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6
Q

Occipital-Atlantal Joint arthrokinematcis

A

Convex on concave
-roll and glide: opposite direction
-flexion: anterior roll and posterior glide
-extension: posterior roll and anterior glide
-lateral Bending: ipsilateral roll and Contralateral glide

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7
Q

Atlanta-axial joint
- articular processes
- ligament

A

-articular processes are in the transverse plane
-alar ligament prevent excessive rotation

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8
Q

Atlanta-axial joint ROM

A
  • Flexion: 5º
  • Extension: 10º
  • lateral bending 0º
  • rotation 40-45º
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9
Q

Lower Cervical vertebrae description

A
  • smaller/narrow vertebral bodies (does not hold a lot of weight)
  • narrow disc
    -C2-C7
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10
Q

Lower cervical vertebrae facet orientation

A

45º to the transverse plane with the posterior portion being more inferior

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11
Q

Lower cervical Osteokinematics + ROM

A

Flexion: 35º (7 per segment)
Extension: 70º (12-14 per segment)
Lateral bending 35º (7º per segment)
Rotation: 45º (9 per segment)

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12
Q

Arthrokinematics in cervical flexion and extension

A

Flexion:
- anterior tilt
- facet glides superiorly
- anterior shear

Extension:
- posterior tilt
- facet glides inferiorly
- posterior shear

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13
Q

Arthrokinematics in cervical lateral flexion

A

-IL tilt
-IL downward glide
-CL upward glide
-some rotation

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14
Q

Arthrokinematics in cervical rotation

A

-cannot purely get translation
-when you rotate you get some side bending
- posterior slide on IL side
- anterior slide on CL side
- rotation indirection of the rotation

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15
Q

Cervical spine coupled motion

A

-lateral bending and rotation to the same side

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16
Q

Thoracic spine function

A
  • rib articulations and rib cage to protect organs and assist with respiration
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17
Q

Body of the thoracic vertebrae+ SP, Facets

A

-bigger body
-SP is angled down (SP of T7 is in line with body of T8 and so on)
- demi facets (1/2 is on vertebrae above and one on the vertebrae below) that articulate with head of the ribs

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18
Q

Segmental differences of rib motions

A

-upper thoracic ribs: elevates anterior and moves like a pump handle
-lower thoracic ribs: lower raise laterally

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19
Q

Thoracic spine articular processes orientation

A

-60º to transverse plane
-20º to frontal plane

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20
Q

Thoracic Spine ROM

A

Flexion: 30-40º (3º per segment ribs limit motion)
extension: 20-25º (2 per segment)
lateral bending: 25º (2 per segment)
rotation: 30º (3º per segment)

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21
Q

Thoracic spine coupled motions of the upper/lower thoracic

A

-upper thoracic: behave more like cervical
-lower thoracic behave more like lumbar

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22
Q

Typical lumber vertebrae

A

larger and wider vertebral bodies/disc

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23
Q

lumber spine facet orientation

A

90º to transverse plane
45º to frontal plane
-encourage flexion/extension
-discourage rotation

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24
Q

Lumbar spine ROM

A

flexion: 50º (10/segment)
extension: 15º (3/segment)
lateral bending: 20º (4/segment)
rotation: 5º (1/segment)

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25
Q

Thoracolumber motion

A

More motion in flexion
-more extension in cervical

26
Q

Lumbar spine coupled motion with lateral bending and rotation

A

lateral bending and rotation to the opposite side

27
Q

Functional units of the spine

A

-upper cervical: occiput C1, C2
-lower cevical: C2-T3
-Thoracic: T3-T9 or T10
-low back: T10-S1

28
Q

Spinal curves - primary and secondary

A

Primary: present at birth = kyphosis (whole spine)
secondary: develops as we being to challenge gravity (lordosis)
-gain control of head = cervical lordosis
-lumbar lordosis = develop when sitting and standing

29
Q

Explain how the spine is a closed system

A

-changing 1 area will influence another such as while sitting if you increase lordosis you will sit up straighter and bring yourself to better posture
-motion in one segment influences another

30
Q

intervertebral disc (IVD)
- functions
- where are they located
-size
-forces

A

-shock absorber
-C2 and lower
-account for 20-30% of length of vertebral column
-increase in size C-L (3mm-9mm)
-resist tensile and shearing forces
-distribute compressive forces

31
Q

IVD structure:
-cartilaginous end plate
-annulus fibrosus
-nucleus pulpous
-lamella
forces it resist

A

-cartilaginous end plate: vertebral body is connected to Articular cartilage and get nutrients from there

-Annulus fibrosus: outter portions are made of rings that attach to both vertebral bodies; has more type 1 for thick collagen to resist tensile, shearing and compressive forces

-nucleus pulpous: type 2 more water for shock absorber

-lamella=layers of the annulus fibrous cross to resist in one direction (rotation)
-together resist tensile
-contain nucleus

32
Q

Movements of vertebral bodies in each plane

A

-translation in the frontal plane
-compression/distraction in vertical plan (axial)
-anterior/posterior translation in sagittal plane
-side to side rotation tilting in frontal plane
-rotation in transverse plane
-anterior/posterior rotation (tilting) - more rotation when being and small amounts when standing

33
Q

IVD function in response to forces and nucleus migration

A

-posterior/flexion: compression anteriorly + distraction posteriorly
-anterior/extension: compression posteriorly + anteriorly
-opposite/lateral flexion: compression IL and distraction CL

34
Q

What is the relationship between the IVD and loads (spine)

A

the discs play a role in mobility and stability
-the spine and discs allow for great mobility during light or no loads
- the spine and discs allow for great stability during heavy loads

  • during a compressive force, the nucleus pushes out and the annulus contains it giving the disc stability
35
Q

What is a herniated/protrusion nucleus pulposus

A

when there is a protrusion of the nucleus pulpous into the annulus fibrosus

36
Q

What is a prolasped/extrusion of the nucleus pulposus

A

when the nucleus pulpous breaks through the annulus fibrosus

37
Q

What is a sequestration of the nucleus puplosus

A

the parts of the that are free outside the disc

38
Q

What is the classification and role of the facet (zygoapophyseal) joints?

A

-diarthrodial synovial joint
- role is to guid, limit, and control motion as well as to protect discs from shearing forces

39
Q

Anterior longitudinal ligament

A

Vertebral body to vertebral body on the anterior surface
-limits extension

40
Q

Posterior longitudinal ligament

A

vertebral body to vertebral body posteriorly
-limits flexion

41
Q

Ligamentum flavum (yellow ligament)

A

lamina to lamina
-limits flexion

42
Q

interspinous

A

between the spinous processes
-limits flexion

43
Q

intertransversalis

A

between the transverse processes
-limits lateral flexion

44
Q

Supraspinous

A

runs the length of the spinal column above the spinous process
-limits flexion

45
Q

additional spinal support besides ligaments

A

-facet joint capsule: limits flexion/extension by limiting superior/inferior glide
-muscle: dynamic stability
-thoracolumbar fascia: stability

The abdomen is a closed loop and has hoop stress

46
Q

Describe hoop stress`

A

the abs provide hope stress through the thoracolumbar fascia to help support the spine

47
Q

what is the sacrohorizontal/lumbosacral angle

A

-S1 slops anterior and inferior (40º)
-sacral facets are directed posteriorly
- the facet joints are a bony block that keep L5 from sliding forward
-the isthmus is a tiny bone that keeps it from sliding forward

48
Q
  1. spondyolysis
  2. spondylolysthesis
A
  1. a fracture: isthmus breaks and L5 wants to slide forward
  2. slippage L5 slides forward
49
Q

Describe the anatomy of the SI joint

A

Sacroiliac joint
- articulation at S1 to S3 levels
- C shaped articular surface
- synovial then modified synarthrosis (the pelvis is lined with fibrocartilage but the sacrum is lined with articular cartilage
-as we age the surfaces become less smooth making little ridges that help lock the joint in place
- minimal movement due to strong ligamentous support

50
Q

SI ligaments

A
  1. sacroiliac (anterior/posterior): sacrum to ilium
  2. Interosseous: between the bones (intimate with the joint)
  3. sacrospinous: sacrum to iliac spine
  4. sacrotuberous: sacrum to ischial tuberosity
51
Q

SI forces

A
  1. gravity: pushes torso downward and wedges the scrum into pelvis making a closed ring
  2. ground reaction: ground pushes up through the legs
52
Q

Pubic symphysis joint

A

-functions with SI joint (forms a closed ring)
-synarthrosis
-fibrocartilage disc

53
Q

Pubic symphysis ligaments/support

A

superior, inferior and posterior
-anterior muscular support

54
Q

What happens during spinal flexion to
1. vertebral bodies
2. Articular processes
3. disc
4. spinous process
5. IV foramen
6. limits to motion

A
  1. vertebral bodies: tilt anterior (cervical has some shearing)
  2. Articular processes: superior glide
  3. disc: anterior = compression posterior = distraction and the nucleus is pushed posterior
  4. spinous process: ligaments are taut
  5. IV foramen: increases in size
  6. limits to motion: interspinous ligament, posterior longitudinal ligament, ligamentum flava, nuchal ligament
55
Q

Spinal stenosis

A

caused by degeneration of IVD or a build of Boone around the IV foramen
-narrowing the area where the nerve comes out
-flexion will alleviate symptoms

56
Q

Spinal extension
1. vertebral bodies
2. facets
3. disc
4. spinous process
5. IV foramen
6. limits to motion

A
  1. vertebral bodies: tilt posterior
  2. facets: glide inferior
  3. disc: anterior = distraction, posterior = compression and nucleus gets pushed anteriorly
  4. spinous process: relaxed
  5. IV foramen: narrows
  6. limits to motion: anterior longitudinal ligament
57
Q

Spinal lateral bending on the concavity side
1. vertebral bodies
2. facets
3. disc
4. IV foramen
5. limits to motion

A
  1. vertebral bodies: Tilt toward
  2. facets: inferior glide
  3. disc: compression
  4. IV foramen: narrows
  5. limits to motion: joint capsule, inter transversealis on other side
58
Q

Spinal lateral bending- convexity
1. vertebral bodies/disc
2. facets
3. IV foramen
4. limits to motion

A
  1. tension (also tension on annuleus)
  2. facet glides superiorly
  3. foramen opens on the side
  4. limiting structures: intertransveralis
59
Q

describe the sacral motions

A
  1. flexion/nutation: the base (top of the sacrum that articulates with L5) moves anteriorly
    - pelvic brim (top opening) reduced
    - pelvic outlet (bottom opening) increased
  2. extension or couternutation: base moves posteriorly
    - pelvic brim increases
    - pelvic outlet decreases
60
Q

What are the force couples of pelvic tilti

A
  • lumbar extensors and hip flexors produce an anterior pelvic tilt with lumbar extension

-abdominal muscles with the hip extensors produce a posterior pelvic tilt with lumbar flexion

61
Q

Lumbopelvic rhythm

A

for every 4 of thoracolumbar motion there are 3 degrees of hip motion

Movement Science (17 decks)

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