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Movement Science > Foot and ankle > Flashcards

Foot and ankle Flashcards

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1
Q

What makes up the rearfoot

A

calcaneus and talus

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2
Q

what makes up the midfoot

A

tarsals

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3
Q

what makes up the forefoot

A

metatarsals and phalanges

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4
Q

Bones of the ankle joint: tibia and fibula

A

-the proximal joint: is a plane synovial joint and fibular is more posterior
-distal: the lateral (fibula) extends more distally than the tibia making it more susceptible to injuries
-between the two bones there is an interosseus membrane and a fat pad

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5
Q

Bones of the ankle joint: talus

A

-articulates directly with tibia and fibula
-Head: articulates with the navicular
-neck: can be grabbed and moved
-lateral/medial facets fore the malleoli
-anterior, middle and posterior facets that correspond to facets on the calcaneus

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6
Q

Bones of the ankle: calcaneus

A

-adds length to the limb
-calcaneal tuberosity

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7
Q

What are the ankle joints?

A

tibiofibular
talocrural
subtalar
transverse tarsal joints

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8
Q

Tibiofibular joint arthrology

A

-proximal joint and a distal joint
-the lateral malleolus extends more distally and is found more posterior

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9
Q

talocrural joint or ankle joint
-bones
-type of joint
-special aspects

A

-tibia, fibula, talus
-most congruent in the body
-hinge joint – uniaxial only allows for dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

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10
Q

Ligaments of the talocrural joint On the medial side

A
  • Deltoid: Tibionavicular, tibiospring, Tibiocalcaneal, tibiotalar
  • holds tibia to the talus and calcaneus and some other tarsal bones
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11
Q

Ligaments of the talocrural joint on the lateral side

A

-posterior tibiofibular ligament
-posterior talofibular ligament
-calcaneofibular ligament
-anterior tibiofibular ligament
- anterior talofibular ligament

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12
Q

Movements of the planes at the ankle

A

sagittal: dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
transverse: abduction and adduction
frontal: inversion nad eversion

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13
Q

Pronation (how does this motion occur at the foot)

A

-eversion
-abduction
-dorsiflexioon

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14
Q

Supination (how does this motion occur at the foot)

A

-inversion
-adduction
-plantarflexion

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15
Q

What are the osteokinematics of the talocrural joint

A

Dorsiflexiono: 15-25º
plantarflexion: 40-45º

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16
Q

arthrokinematics talocrural joint
-open chain
-closed chain

A

-open chain: roll and glide in opposite directions (DF=anterior roll and posterior glide/PF = posterior roll and anterior glide)
-closed chain: roll and glide in the same direction (DF = anterior roll and glide/ PF= posterior roll and glide

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17
Q

Talocrural joint throughout the stance phase of gait

A

Heel contact = Plantarflexion
as you move into toe off, you move into dorsiflexion because it is more stable

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18
Q

Subtalar joint ligaments

A
  • medial, posterior and lateral talocalcaneal ligament
    -posterior talofibular ligament
    -calcaneofibular ligament
    -deltoid ligaments
    (ligaments from the talocrural joint stabilize the subtalar joint)
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19
Q

Subtalar osteokinematics and ROM

A

-pronation (eversion and abduction): 0-25
-supination (inversion and adduction): 0-30
only looking at the rear foot

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20
Q

Midtarsal joints

A

Transverse tarsal joint:
-talonavicular joint (medially)
-calcaneocuboid joint (laterally)

Talocalcaneonavicular

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21
Q

Talonavicular support

A

-interosseous ligament
-dorsal talonavicular ligament
-bifurcated: calcaneonavicular ligament laterally
-anterior fibers of the deltoid ligament (tibionavicular medially)

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22
Q

calcaneocuboid

A

-dorsal calcaneocuboid ligament
-bifurcated: calcaneocuboid
-long and short plantar ligaments (long goes to the metatarsals and the short goes to the tarsals)

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23
Q

spring ligament unique feature

A

has articular cartilage due to a high stress area

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24
Q

Supination of the foot in OC/NWB

A

-calcaneal inversion (varus)
-calcaneal adduction
-calcaneal PF

25
Q

Supination of the foot in CC/WB

A

-calcaneal inversion
-talar abduction (lateral rotation)
-talar DF
-tib/fib lateral rotation

26
Q

pronation of the foot in OC/NWB

A

-calcaneal eversion
-calcaneal abduction
-calcaneal DF

27
Q

pronation of the foot in CC/WB

A

-calcaneal eversion
-talar adduction (medial rotation)
-talar PF
-tib/fib medial rotation

28
Q

What are the arthrokinemateics of the subtotal joint

A

spin

29
Q

Distal inter tarsal joint shape

A

S-shaped to allow for twisting
-supination twist: forefoot in relation to rear foot during closed chain; to get the foot on the ground there will be opposite rotation

30
Q

Clinical measurements
-ankle dorsiflexion AROM, PROM
-ankle plantarflecxion: AROM, PROM

A

DF:
-AROM: 0-20
-PROM: 0-25

PF
-AROM: 0-45
-PROM: 0-50

31
Q

Clinical measurements
-ankle inversion AROM,PROM
-ankle eversion AROM,PROM

A

ankle inversion:
-AROM: 0-30
-PROM: 0-35

Ankle eversion:
-AROM: 0-25
-PROM: 0-30

32
Q

What are the joint of the forefoot

A

-tarsometatarsal
-intermetatarsal
-metatarsophalangeal
-interphalangeal

33
Q

What are the rays of the foot and which is the most stable

A

-1st toe: phalanx with the medial cuneiform
2nd toe: phalanx with the intermediate cuneiform (most stable)
3rd: phalanx with the cuneiform and shares a capsule with the 4th and 5th ray

34
Q

metatarsophalangeal joint
-support
-osteokinematics
arthrokinematics

A

-medial/lateral capsular ligament, plantar plate and sesamoid bones
-flexion, extension, abduction, adduction
-OC: roll and glide in the same direction CC: roll and glide in the opposite direction

35
Q

Toe break

A

-shoter toes on the lateral side
-helps with toe off during gait
-pulls on the plantar fascia

36
Q

Clinical measurements of the great toe

A

MTP flexion: 0-45
MTP extension: 0-90

37
Q

clinical measurements of the lateral four toes

A

MTP flexion: 0-40
MTP extension: 0-45

38
Q

interphalageal joint
-support
-osteokinematics
-arthrokinematics

A

-plantar plates, capsule, and medial/lateral capsular ligaments
-flexion/extension (not much)
-arthrokinematics: OC: roll and glide in the same direction and CC: roll and glide in opposite directions

39
Q

IP great toe flexion and extension

A

flexion: 0-90
extension: minimal

40
Q

IP lateral toes flexion and extension ROM

A

PIP
-flexion: 0-35
-extension: minimal

DIP
-flexion: 0-60
-extension: minimal

41
Q

Muscles the support the medial arch

A

-gastrocnemius
-tibialis posterior
-fibularis longus

42
Q

What supports the arches of the foot

A
  • extrinsic: suspension muscles
    ~dynamic and static contributions such as peroneus longus from underneath
  • intrinsic: tie rods
    ~ dynamic and static contributions
    ~ plantar fascia, intrinsic muscles
43
Q

Lateral longitudinal arch
- where does it run
- what supports it

A
  • calcaneal to base of 5th metatarsal
  • Anterior talofibular ligament
  • posterior talofibular ligament
  • fibulas longus tendond
  • dorsal calcaneocubdoid ligament
  • other lateral ligaments
44
Q

Transverse arch

A
  • runs from cuboid to medial cuneiform and between the 5th and 1st metatarsals
  • runs medial to lateral
45
Q

medial longitudinal arch

A
  • long arch: runs from the calcareous to the head of metatarsals
  • supported by the deltoid ligaments, dorsal cuneonavicular ligament, dorsal taaalonaticular ligament, dorsal tarsometatarsal ligaments, tibialis posterior tendons, long plantar ligament, plantar calcaneonavicular ligament (spring)
  • achilles tenon: pulls on the calcareous posteriorly which pulls the plantar fascia and causes more stability
46
Q

Osteokinematics of
- level walking
- stairs ascending
- running

A
  • level walking: 10.2º DF (terminal stance) | 14.2º PF (toe off)
  • stairs ascending: 20º DF (weight acceptance) | 10º PF (push off)
  • Running: 10º DF | 25º PF
47
Q

Pronated position:
- calcareous position
- navicular position
- talus position
- tibia position

A
  • calcareous position: everted
  • navicular position: drops
  • talus position: IR
  • tibia position: IR
48
Q

Supinated position:
- calcareous position
- navicular position
- talus position
- tibia position

A
  • calcareous position: calcareous inverts
  • navicular position: raises
  • talus position: ER
  • tibia position: ER
49
Q

When during gate is the foot supinated verse pronated

A

push off = supinated (due to needing stability/closed pack position)

heel strike = pronated to absorb shock (open pack position)

50
Q

Talocrural joint during
- early stance:
- late stance:
- swing:

A
  • early stance: PF
  • late stance: DF to PF
  • swing: DF
51
Q

Rearfoot (subtalar)
- early stance:
- late stance:
- swing:

A
  • early stance: pronated
  • late stance: pronated to supinated
  • swing: supinated
52
Q

Midfoot (transverse tarsal)
- early stance:
- late stance:
- swing:

A
  • early stance: inversion
  • late stance: eversion
  • swing: inversion (as you go into open chain)
53
Q

forefoot (metatarsopharageal joint)
- early stance:
- late stance:
- swing:

A
  • early stance: neutral
  • late stance: extension
  • swing: neutral
54
Q

Deformites of the toe

A
  • hallux valgus (1st MTP joint)
  • hammer toe:
  • claw toe
  • mallot toe
55
Q

Hammer toe

A
  • MTP = hyperextended
  • PIP = flexed
  • DIP = hyperextended
56
Q

Claw toe

A
  • MTP = hyperextended
  • PIP = flexed
  • DIP = neutral
57
Q

Mallot toe

A
  • MTP = hyperextended
  • PIP = neutral
  • DIP = flexed
58
Q

Ankle effects on the knee
- weakened soleus:
- PF and Hip extensors

A
  • weakened soleus: unable to decelerate DF so the knee bends
  • PF and Hip extensors: use hip extensors to pull the femur back and pull the tibia back by the soleus

Movement Science (17 decks)

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