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Movement Science > Joint structure > Flashcards

Joint structure Flashcards

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1
Q

Synarthrotic joint (fibrous)

A

-little to no movement
-Stable
Ex: sutures in the skull, of the joint between the teeth and the mandible (gomphosis)

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2
Q

Synarthrotic joint (cartilaginous)

A

little to no movement
Pubic symphysis and the intervertebral discs

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3
Q

Diarhrotic joint

A

moderate to extensive motion
ex the hip, shoulder, knee

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4
Q

Basic structures that are always in a diarthrotic joint

A
  1. synovial fluid
  2. articular cartilage
  3. joint capsule
  4. synovial membrane
  5. ligaments
  6. blood vessels
  7. sensory nerves
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5
Q

what is synovial fluid

A

-hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid)
-Lubricating glycoprotein
-Coats articular cartilage
-Reduces friction
-Assist articular cartilage nutrition

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6
Q

What is articular cartilage

A

found at the end of bones to provide cushion
Lines the ends of bones and acts as shock absorbers

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7
Q

what is a joint capsule (and what are the layers)

A

-sheath to give stability (encloses the joint) and is lined with synovial membrane
-The outer layer is called the stratum fibrosum and -the inner layer is called the stratum synovium

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8
Q

What is a synovial membrane?

A

stratum synovium
produces synovial fluid for lubrication (inner membrane)

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9
Q

what do ligaments do?

A

reinforce the joint capsule and add additional stability

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10
Q

What are structures that are sometimes present

A

intra-articular discs or menisci
peripheral labrum
fat pads
bursa
synovial plica

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11
Q

what are intra-articular discs or menisci

A

menisci are found in the knee and are circular or semicircular for additional shock absorber

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12
Q

what are peripheral labrum?

A

found in the shoulder and the hip to deepen the socket, made from fibrocartilage

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13
Q

where are fat pads in joints

A

in/around the surrounding tissue

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14
Q

what are bursa

A

fluid filled sacs or areas of high friction
Ex: occurs under a tendon and bone

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15
Q

what is a synovial plica

A

a redundancy or fold in joints → a common problematic place this occurs is in the knee

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16
Q

what is periartiular CT

A

capsule
ligaments
tendons
articulate cartilage
fibrocartilage
bone

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17
Q

Explain periarticular CT/what they do

A

Capsule: that is made up of the inner and outer layers
Ligaments: provide stability for the joint
Tendons: transmits a force across the bone
Articular cartilage: lines the ends to reduce friction and acts as shock absorbers
Fibrocartilage: ex mensci
Bone

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18
Q

What are the fundamental components of periarticular CT (on a molecular level)

A

Cells: they excrete an extracellular matrix
extracellular matrix: made up of fibrous proteins and ground substances

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19
Q

what types of tissues have MORE fibroblasts

A

tendons, joint capsules, and ligaments

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20
Q

what types of tissues have MORE chondrocytes

A

articular cartilage and fibrocartilage

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21
Q

Collagen Type 1 explain?

A

found in tendons, ligaments, and joint capsules
Excreted as a triple helix
Thicker and resist tension

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22
Q

collagen type 2 explain

A

Thinner than type 1
Associated with higher GAGS meaning these will hold onto more water

23
Q

glycosaminoglycans (GAGS)

A

-have a high affinity for water and will keep it in place
-Proteoglycan attaches to a hyaluronan core and -becomes a proteoglycan macromolecule and will hold and abide fluid

24
Q

What is ground substances composed of

A

-GAGS
-water: a significant component in articular cartilage since you cannot compress water
-solutes: Na, K, Ca
-the fibrous proteins are embedded in the ground substances

25
Q

What does the dense classification of CT mean

A

a lot of collagen fibers and not as many ground substances

26
Q

a joint capsule has what kind of CT?

A

type 1 collagen fibers lined in different directions making it dense irregular
-movement in the joint capsule will encourage more GAGS to be made

27
Q

What type of CT is a ligament

A

Type 1 collagen - dense regular
Reinforce the joint capsule
Prevent certain forces (MCL will prevent the knee from going inward)
Type 1 but will be arranged in a parallel fashion so that it can prevent force in one direction

28
Q

what type of CT is a tendon

A

dense regular
Transmits force in one direction
Type 1 collagen in parallel

29
Q

what type of CT is in fibrocartilage

A

Menisci → can be pinched/shock absorbers and therefore will have more type 1 with more ground substances than normal

30
Q

what type of CT makes up articular cartilage

A

cushion and stick absorber so it has more type two fibers and high amount of water

31
Q

Explain the zones of articular cartilage

A

Tangential (superficial):
Helps to resist shearing forces
Fibers are arranged in parallel to the surface (horizontal)
Articulate with other bone on the same layer
Transitional:
Fibers in different directions
Cells are a little bigger
Increased ground substances (GAGS)
Resist compression and multidirectional tensile forces (fibers in multiple directions)
Radial:
Column arranged perpendicular to the surface (more vertical to keep it on the bone)
Fibers anchored to tidemark
Resist compression and tensile forces (primary)
Tidemark: where we start to see calcification
Calcified:Ground substance is calcified and starting to lead to the bone
Subchondral bone:
First layer of the bone
Thin cortical bone
Gets nutrition from synovial fluid
Growth rate is slow and decreases with age
Pain with degenerative process only after significant destruction of more superficial layers (these are the more shock absorbing layers)
Subchondral layer exposed to more harmful stress (osteoarthritis)

32
Q

Explain the toe region in the collagen stress curve

A

the collagen fibers will start to straighten out and not a lot of load will be needed to get it to change shape
Gets the “crimp” out of the tissues

33
Q

explain the elastic region in the collagen stress curve

A

when they are stretched passed being fully straightened and start to slide → if stress is removed it will return to normal shape
Tissue starts to deform

34
Q

explain the plastic region in the collagen stress curve

A

the fibers are connected by crosslinks and that will limit how far they can slide past each other but they can slide too far and cause a strain?
Start to tear cross links at around 4%-6% of strain
Microstrain
It is not recoverable at this length

35
Q

explain what the failure portion of the collagen stress curve

A

tear of tissue
At around 8% of strain it will tear causing complete failure

36
Q

Uniaxial joint

A

one axis and one degree of freedom
examples:
-hinge (ginglymus) - humerus and ulna joint
-pivot (trochoid) - radius and the capitulum of the humers

37
Q

biaxial joint

A

two axes and two degrees of freedom
examples:
1. ellipsoid: axial and carpal joint
2. saddle: carpal and metacarpal joint in the thumb
3. condyloid: metacarpal and pharangyeal

38
Q

triaxial

A

three axes and three degrees of freedom
examples:
1. ball and socket (enarthrodial) : glenohumeral
2. plane: functional the movement is limited by adjacent bones such as in the metacarpals and the hamate joint

39
Q

Muscles spindles

A

-located in parallel with the muscle fibers
-activated with tension
-dynamic response (primary-rate-strong)
-static response (secondary-length-weak)
-CNS sends a signal back to contract
-if muscle experiences a rapid stretch the muscle spindle is activated and sends a sign to the dorsal side of the spinal cord to a motor neuron to contract

40
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A

-located in series at the muscle-tendinous junction (with muscle fibers and tendons)
-force sensor
-inhibit muscle contraction activated by excessive contraction or stretch
can stimulate 1 B fibers and inhibit muscles if it senses it will be over stretched

41
Q

pain receptors

A

located in the capsule, muscles, skin
-not found in hyaline cartilage/limited in cartilaginous joint structures (fibrocartilage mensci)
-respond to chemical (inflammation) or mechanical stimuli (strained or compressed)
-may trigger other defense mechanisms

42
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

located in the capsule
respond to vibration, compression and tension
recognize and monitor status of joint and where it is in space

43
Q

Osteokinematics

A

gross rotational motion that can be measured with a Goni

44
Q

arthrokinematics:

A

accessory motion
-motion between joint surfaces
roll, glide/slide, spin
-these are needed for the osteokinematics to occur

45
Q

rotation

A

is like a tire on a street

46
Q

slide/glide

A

is like hitting the brakes and the tires slide

47
Q

spinning

A

a toy top on a table

48
Q

When you have convex moving on concave

A

the roll and the glide will happen in opposite directions
-an upward roll and then glides down (shoulder abduction)

49
Q

when you have concave on convex

A

the roll and glide happen in the same direction

50
Q

what are open pack positions

A

-they are positions of joints where there is the most slack
-there is more space between the bones of the joint (they are less congruent)
-this causes a decrease in pressure in the joint
-it is called “resting position” (because it must less tension on the muscles and tendons
-it is usually the midrange of the joint

51
Q

what is a a closed pack position

A

-when the joint surfaces are more congruent meaning there is less space between the bones of the joint
-this causes the joint capsule to be tight and increases pressure on the joint
-there is less movement between joint surfaces
-normally the end ranges (there are typically two)

52
Q

open kinematic chains

A

distal end is free tome
-independent movement of segments
-non-weight bearing

53
Q

closed kinetic chain

A

distal end is fixed
-movement in one segment results in movement in another segment

Movement Science (17 decks)

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