Spinal cord development

Question 1

Spinal cord

Answer 1

part of CNS that arises from brainstem and ends at the conus medullaris

Question 2

3 primary functions of spinal cord

Answer 2

carry motor signals from brain to PNS
carry sensory info from PNS to brain
coordinate reflexes

Question 3

ectoderm

Answer 3

outmost of the 3 primary germ layers. the root of all neural tissue

Question 4

mesoderm

Answer 4

muddle of the 3 primary germ layers. form much of the bone and musculature

Question 5

endoderm

Answer 5

innermost of the 3 primary germ layers. forms much of the viscera

Question 6

neurulation

Answer 6

the process of neural tube formation

Question 7

neural tube

Answer 7

the precursor structure to the CNS

Question 8

neuropores

Answer 8

the openings found at each end of the neural tube

Question 9

neural tube formation occurs

Answer 9

between day 16-28 after conception

Question 10

day 15 neural tube formation

Answer 10

neural plate forms, neural groove begins

Question 11

day 18 neural tube formation

Answer 11

neural plate begins to fold centrally

Question 12

day 20 neural tube formation

Answer 12

first neural tube fusion occurs

Question 13

day 20-22 neural tube formation

Answer 13

neural tube slow fuses outward from the center

Question 14

day 22-24 neural tube formation

Answer 14

anterior (cranial) neuropore closes

Question 15

day 26-28 neural tube formation

Answer 15

posterior (spinal) neuropore closes

Question 16

day 28+ neural tube formation

Answer 16

neural tubes closed. will begin to differentiate into structures

Question 17

DNA is rapidly duplicating during neural tube formation which means —-

Answer 17

increased folate requirement

Question 18

what is the blueprint for folding

Answer 18

DNA

Question 19

What is affected in all forms of spina bifida

Answer 19

somites

Question 20

What do somites form

Answer 20

the mesoderm

differentiate to form skin, muscles, and axial skeleton

Question 21

notochord goes on to form

Answer 21

intervertebral discs

Question 22

neural crest cels differentiate to form

Answer 22

the Pia and arachnoid mater

Question 23

When should the spinal cord end

Answer 23

L1 or L2; conus medullaris

Question 24

2 most common neural tube defects

Answer 24

spina bifida
ancephaly

Question 25

neural tube defects

Answer 25

any of a series of conditions caused by failure of the neural tube to close

Question 26

open neural tube defect

Answer 26

neural tube defect with meninges/neural tissue exposed

Question 27

closed neural tube defect

Answer 27

neural tube defect with skin intact

Question 28

Occulta spina bifida

Answer 28

most common and least debilitating
technically falls under closed NTD category but might not involve neural tube at all

Question 29

Meningocele spina bifida

Answer 29

out pouching of meningeal layers without neural tissue

Question 30

Myelomeningocele

Answer 30

out pouching of meningeal layers with neural tissue

Question 31

Myeloschisis

Answer 31

outpouring of neural tissue without meningeal covering

Question 32

What is unaffected by the supplementation of folate

Answer 32

lipomyelomeningocele

so folate deficiency does not increase risk of lipomyelomeningocele

Question 33

spinal cord imaging is complete primarily via

Answer 33

MRI with or without contrast

Question 34

MRI works by

Answer 34

measuring energy released by protons in the body tissue

Question 35

CT measure _____, MRI measures ______

Answer 35

CT measures density

MRI measures RF signal from protons

Question 36

MRI contrast dye

Answer 36

Gadolinium

Question 37

T1 spinal MRI

Answer 37

CSF = dark
Gray matter = gray
White matter = white

Question 38

T2 spinal MRI

Answer 38

CSF = bright
Gray matter = gray
white matter = dark

Question 39

Flair spinal MRI (T2 with inverted CSF)

Answer 39

CSF = dark
Gray matter = gray
White matter = dark

Question 40

STIR spinal MRI uses

Answer 40

beneficial for fat suppression
water (edema) = bright

Question 41

FLAIR MRI uses

Answer 41

suppresses fluid (CSF) allowing for increased visibility near CSF-brain borders

Question 42

What is CT myelogram good for

Answer 42

CSF leak