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CAIS > ENT part 2 > Flashcards

ENT part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Tympanic membrane innervation

A

Facial nerve
Auriculotemporal nerve
Auricular branch of the vagus nerve

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2
Q

What are the smallest bones in the body?

A

The ossicles

MIS
Malleus –> incus –> stapes –> oval window

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3
Q

Why do we need mechanical leverage in the middle ear?

A

to hear things better

we are transmitting from an air-filled area to a fluid-filled area

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4
Q

Which two muscles act on the ossicles?

A

the tensor tympani (attaches to malleus and reduces vibrations of TM)
the stapedius muscle (attaches to stapes and reduces vibrations on the oval window)

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5
Q

Innervation of the tensor tympani muscle

A

mandibular nerve

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6
Q

Innervation of the stapedius muscle

A

facial nerve

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7
Q

Eustachian tube goes from ____ to ____

A

tympanic cavity to nasopharynx

opens near the adenoids

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8
Q

Major functions of the eustachian tube

A

regulate pressure between middle and external ear

drain middle ear secretions

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9
Q

Blood supply for the cochlea and vestibular complex

A

AIAC

anterior inferior cerebellar artery

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10
Q

Innervation of the vestibular complex and cochlea

A

vestibulocochlear nerve (CN8)

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11
Q

What is the primary organ of hearing

A

cochlea

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12
Q

Functions of cochlea

A

receives sounds from the acoustic chain through the oval window
converts mechanical impulses to electrical impulses

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13
Q

Major structures of the cochlea

A

Scala tympani, scala media (cochlear duct), scala vestibuli, helicotrema, organ of Corti

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14
Q

Sound impulse pathway through cochlea

A

oval window –> scala vestibuli –> helicotrema –> scala tympanic –> round window

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15
Q

Helicotrema

A

The point at which the scala vestibuli turns in the scala tympani

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16
Q

Vestibular membrane/Reissner’s membrane

A

separates scala vestibuli & scala media (cochlear duct)

17
Q

Basilar membrane

A

separates scala tympani and scala media (cochlear duct)

differing levels of flexibility which equates to different frequencies in hearing

Flexion of the basilar membrane pushes the (spiral) organ of Corti into the tectorial membrane which causes hearing (hair cells contact the tectorial membrane)

18
Q

Scala vestibuli and scala tympani are both filled with

A

perilymph (low in potassium)

19
Q

scala media is filled with

A

endolymph (high in potassium)

20
Q

What produces the high potassium endolymph?

A

the stria vascularis

It also recharges our endolymph after signal sent down cochlear nerve

21
Q

Major structures of the vestibular complex

A

saccule
utricle
semicircular canals

22
Q

Saccule

A

sac-like structure (easy enough!)

functions: stationary balance and linear vertical movement (think getting on an elevator)

23
Q

Utricle

A

larger sac-like structure attached to semicircular canals

sensitive to linear acceleration (think cup of coffee, motion based balance)

24
Q

Semicircular canals

A

hoop-shaped canals with associated enlargements at the ends (ampulla)
found in multiple planes
major function is sensing rotation/position of head

25
Q

Utricle and saccule have ____ at the bottom, while semicircular canals have ____ at the bottom

A

utricle and saccule have sensory membranes for gravity

semicircular canals have ampulla for fluid (based on flow rather than gravity)

26
Q

The nasal cavity is separated into two regions by the

A

nasal septum (thin bony/cartilaginous)

27
Q

Major functions of nasal cavity

A

breathing
olfaction
warming/humidifying/filtering
immune functions

28
Q

blood supply to nasal cavity

A

varied, with all supply coming from internal and external carotid arteries

angular artery and lateral nasal artery (from the facial artery)
dorsal nasal artery (from ophthalmic artery)

29
Q

Innervation of nasal cavity

A

olfactory nerve (cranial nerve 1)
trigeminal nerve
facial nerve

30
Q

Nasal cartilage

A

Alar (paired)
Lateral (paired)
Septal

31
Q

Venous drainage of the nose

A

Anastomosis with the cavernous sinus of the brain via the ophthalmic veins

So watch for brain infections — this is a very rare complication though

CAIS (13 decks)

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