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CAIS > Intro to neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Intro to neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

CNS

A

Brain
Spinal cord

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2
Q

Components of brain

A

cerebrum
cerebellum
basal ganglia
brain stem

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3
Q

components of spinal cord

A

spinal tracts
meninges
axial skeleton

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4
Q

PNS

A

cranial nerves
major plexuses
all other nerves

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5
Q

What is the most complex region of human anatomy

A

CNS

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6
Q

what has more structures/regions in a smaller area than any other part of the body

A

brain

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7
Q

what does embryology start with —-

A

neural tube

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8
Q

what is the neural tube created from

A

ectoderm

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9
Q

when is the neural tube formed

A

between 2nd and 4th week after conception

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10
Q

The neural tube differentiates into 3 regions

A

forebrain
midbrain
hindbrain

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11
Q

Forebrain

A

telencephalon
diencephalon
cerebrum (basal ganglia and amygdala)
thalamus
hypothalamus

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12
Q

Midbrain

A

midbrain lol

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13
Q

Hindbrain

A

metencephalon
myelencephalon

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14
Q

When is the neural tube fully closed

A

by 6 weeks; and ventricles are formed

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15
Q

When does the PNS begin a period of rapid growth

A

8 weeks

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16
Q

When are all major components of the brain present

A

by around 34 weeks

brain development does not stop until approximately 25 years

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17
Q

White matter

A

myelinated structures in the CNS that appear white

primarily myelinated axons

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18
Q

Gray matter

A

unmyelinated structures such as neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, and some axons

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19
Q

Nuclei

A

collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS

Edinger-Westphal nuclei

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20
Q

Ganglia

A

collections of nerve cell bodies in the PNS

sympathetic chain ganglia

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21
Q

What is the exception to the ganglia/nuclei concept

A

Basal ganglia –> found in the CNS (should be called nuclei)

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22
Q

Rostral

A

towards the nose/beak

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23
Q

Caudal

A

towards the tail; sacrum

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24
Q

Dorsal

A

towards the back

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25
Q

Ventral

A

towards the front

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26
Q

What is the largest part of the brain by weight

A

cerebrum

27
Q

Cerebrum

A

contains outer cortex and inner subcortical white and gray matter

28
Q

Subcortical white matter

A

corpus callosum

29
Q

Subcortical gray matter

A

basal nuclei

30
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

the outer gray matter layer of the cerebrum

4 lobes based on geography (frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal)

31
Q

Where do subarachnoid bleeds occur

A

arachnoid trabeculae

32
Q

Which meninge is the strongest

A

Dura mater (it’s durable!)

33
Q

Meninges (in order)

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

34
Q

Folds of the dura mater for the

A

falx cerebri
falx cerebelli
tentorium cerebelli

35
Q

The basal ganglia are

A

subcortical nuclei
5 paired nuclei

36
Q

5 paired nuclei

A

caudate
putamen
globus pallidus
subthalamic
substantia nigra

37
Q

Basal ganglia functions

A

fine tune voluntary movement

middleman between cortex and pyramidal system

also plays a role in limbic system –> mood, motivation, reward, fight/flight

38
Q

Where is the amygdala found

A

the end of the caudate nucleus

strongly associated with aggression, particularly in association with fight/flight

39
Q

White matter tracts

A

myelinated axon tracts that connect different gray matter regions

3 types

40
Q

3 types of white matter tracts

A

projection
commissural
association

41
Q

Association white matter tract

A

connect areas in the same hemisphere

42
Q

Commissural white matter tract

A

connect areas in different hemispheres

corpus callosum

43
Q

Projection white matter tract

A

connect cerebrum to other areas in CNS

internal capsule (corona radiata)

44
Q

Thalamus

A

paired gray matter region with up to 50 isolated nuclei

relay station for sensory and motor function

45
Q

Hypothalamus

A

found anterior-inferiorly to the thalami

11 major nuclei found here

main function: homeostasis (body temp, metabolism, alertness, reproduction, sleep)

46
Q

What does the hypothalamus impact many of its functions through

A

pituitary gland

47
Q

Midbrain location

A

found inferiorly to the thalamus and hypothalamus

48
Q

Midbrain associated structures

A

colliculi
cerebral peduncles

49
Q

Midbrain functions

A

eye movement
transmit fibers of ascending and descending spinal tracts
auditory and visual reflexes

50
Q

Superior colliculus

A

visual reflexes

51
Q

Inferior colliculus

A

auditory reflexes

52
Q

Cerebral peduncle

A

transmits spinal tracts to pons and rest of brainstem

53
Q

Key structures of hindbrain

A

pons
medulla
cerebellum

54
Q

Structures of the brain stem

A

midbrain
pons
medulla

55
Q

Cerebellum

A

little brain

subconscious fine motor coordination

attached to the cerebrum, pons, and medulla via the cerebellar peduncles

56
Q

Pons

A

middle part of brainstem

sleep wake cycle
transmits spinal tract axons (afferent and efferent)
regulates breathing in conjunction with medulla
also affects BP and HR

57
Q

Where does the basilar artery lie

A

basilar groove

58
Q

Medulla

A

final part of brainstem (final connection to the spinal cord)

59
Q

Structures of the medulla

A

pyramids
olive
decussation

60
Q

Pyramids

A

contain the corticobulbar and corticospinal tracts (motor)

61
Q

Olive

A

muscle memory and coordination

62
Q

Decussation

A

Corticospinal tract decussates here

63
Q

Spinal cord travels from

A

foramen magnum –> L1/2

64
Q

Key structures of spinal cord

A

lumbar and cervical enlargement
cauda equina
spinal nerve roots
meningeal layers

CAIS (13 decks)

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