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Clinical Anatomy 2021 > Spinal Cord and Deep back > Flashcards

Spinal Cord and Deep back Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of joint is the Intervertebral symphysis?

A

symphysis

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2
Q

What kind of joint is the Facet (zygapophysial joints)?

A

plane

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3
Q

What kind of joint is the Costovertebral?

A

gliding

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4
Q

What kind of joint is the Costotransverse?

A

gliding

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5
Q

What kind of joint is the Atlanto-occipital?

A

ellipsoidal

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6
Q

What kind of joint is the Median atlanto-axial?

A

pivot

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7
Q

What kind of joint is the Lateral atlanto-axial?

A

plane or gliding

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8
Q

What kind of joint is the Uncovertebral?

A

plane or gliding

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9
Q

What kind of joint is the Zygapophysial (facet) in the neck?

A

plane or gliding

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10
Q

Anterior longitudinal (blends into the anterior atlanto-occipital membrane) ligament

A

ATTACHMENTS- to anterior surfaces of vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs

FUNCTION- stabilizes vertebral column and prevents hyperextension

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11
Q

Posterior longitudinal (becomes the tectorial membrane) ligament

A

ATTACHMENTS- to posterior surfaces of vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs

FUNCTION- prevents hyperflexion of the vertebral column

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12
Q

Ligamentum flavum ligament

A

attachments- interconnect adjacent laminae; resist terminal flexion between vertebrae

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13
Q

Supraspinous ligament

A

attachments- to apices of spinous processes C7 to sacrum

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14
Q

Interspinous ligament

A

attachments- interconnect adjacent spinous processes

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15
Q

Intertransverse ligament

A

Attachments- interconnect adjacent transverse processes

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16
Q

Ligamentum nuchae

A

ATTACHMENTS- from C7 spinous process to external occipital protuberance with slips to intervening spinous processes

FUNCTION- attachment for cervical muscles

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17
Q

Transverse (cruciate) of atlas

A

ATTACHMENTS- from lateral mass to lateral mass of atlas

FUNCTION- maintains integrity of articulation between dens and anterior arch of the atlas

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18
Q

Tectorial membrane

A

ATTACHMENTS- from the posterior surface of axial body to anterior margin of the foramen magnum

FUNCTION- supports atlanto-occipital & atlanto-axial joints

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19
Q

Alar ligament

A

ATTACHMENTS- from dens to medial aspect of the occipital condyles

FUNCTION- limits rotation of the median atlanto-axial joint

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20
Q

Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane

A

ATTACHMENTS- from anterior arch of the atlas to the adjacent occipital bone

FUNCTION- supports atlanto-occipital joints & helps to limit extension of the head

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21
Q

Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane

A

ATTACHMENTS- from posterior arch of the atlas to the adjacent occipital bone

FUNCTION- supports atlanto-occipital joints

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22
Q

Erector spinae

A

ATTACHMENTS- from TLF to the sacrum, iliac crest, spinous processes L5-T11
supraspinous lig., angles of ribs to costal angles (iliocostalis), ribs & transverse processes (longissimus), and spinous processes (spinalis)

  1. Spinalis: thoracis, cervicis, capitis (represented as semispinalis capitis)
  2. Longissimus: capitis, cervicis, thoracis
  3. Iliocostalis: cervicis, thoracis, lumborum

ACTIONS- extension & lateral flexion of the vertebral column

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23
Q

Semispinalis

A

ATTACHMENTS- from transverse processes to distant superior spinous processes
1. Semispinalis: capitis, cervicis, thoracis

ACTIONS- extension & contralateral rotation of the vertebral column

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24
Q

Multifidus

A

ATTACHMENTS- from sacrum, posterior SI ligament, posterior iliac spine, transverse processes to more superior spinous processes
multifidus: sacral, lumbar, thoracic, cervical

ACTIONS- extension & contralateral rotation of the vertebral column

25
Q

Rotatores longus and brevis

A

ATTACHMENTS: transverse to spinous process of vertebra above (1-2 levels)

ACTIONS: extension & contralateral rotation of the vertebral column

26
Q

Interspinales

A

ATTACHMENTS: between spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae
cervical (6), thoracic (2-3), lumbar (4)

ACTION: extension of spine

27
Q

Intertransversarii

A

ATTACHMENTS: between the transverse processes of adjacent vertebrae

ACTION: lateral flexion of spine

28
Q

Splenius cervicis

A

ATTACHMENTS: from spinous processes of T3-T6 to posterior tubercles of transverse processes of first 3 cervical vertebrae

ACTIONS: extension, lateral flexion, ipsilateral rotation
innervation: dorsal rami of spinal nerves

29
Q

Splenius capitis

A

ATTACHMENTS: from ligamentum nuchae and spinous processes T4-C7 and mastoid process

ACTIONS: extension, lateral flexion, ipsilateral rotation

INNERVATION: dorsal rami of spinal nerves

30
Q

Longus colli

A

ATTACHMENTS: from anterior tubercles and bodies T3-C3 to anterior tubercles and bodies C6-C1

ACTIONS: flexion, lateral flexion, ipsilateral rotation

INNERVATION: ventral rami of spinal nerves (C2-7)

31
Q

Longus capitis

A

ATTACHMENTS: from anterior tubercles C3-C6 to
basilar portion occipital bone

ACTIONS: flexion, ipsilateral rotation

INNERVATION: ventral rami of spinal nerves (C1-3)

32
Q
  1. The ligamenta flava are ____ to the spinal cord
A

posterior

33
Q
  1. The dura mater is _____ to the spinal cord
A

superficial

34
Q
  1. The arachnoid mater is _____ to the spinal cord and deep to the dura mater
A

superficial

35
Q
  1. The conus medullaris is at the ____ end of the spinal cord
A

inferior

36
Q
  1. The filum terminale internum is ____ within the cauda equina
A

central

37
Q
  1. The denticulate ligament is _____ the anterior and posterior roots
A

between

38
Q

Name the structural components of vertebrae

A
  • Vertebral body
  • superior articular process
  • transverse process
  • spinous process
  • inferior articular process
  • vertebral arch(pedicle and lamina)
  • vertebral foramina
  • superior/inferior notches
39
Q

What is the function of the spinous process and transverse process?

A

muscle attachments and movement

40
Q

what is the function of articular processes?

A

restriction of movement

41
Q

what is the function of vertebral arches?

A

protection of spinal cord

42
Q

what is the function of vertebral bodies?

A

support of body weight

43
Q

Discuss the changes in vertebrae with advancing age

A
  • there is a decrease in bone density
  • that leads to the articular surfaces bowing inward
  • compression at periphery
  • osteophytes form in response
  • force distribution shifted to periphery and more compression
44
Q

What is Kyphosis?

A

anterior flexion of the vertebral column

thoracic and sacral

45
Q

what is lordosis?

A

posterior extension of the vertebral column

cervical and lumbar

46
Q

Summarize the development of spinal curvatures

A
  • all born with primary curvatures: thoracic and sacral
  • kyphosis are there at birth
  • as we develop, secondary curvatures appear: cervical and lumbar
  • tied to developmental milestones
  • cervical lordosis comes on board when infant begins to stabilize and support head
  • lumbar when toddler begins walking
47
Q

What is excessive kyphosis?

A

Usually at the thoracic spine

-osteoporosis and several compression fractures in the spine can lead to this

48
Q

What is excessive lordosis?

A

usually at the lumbar spine

-pregnant and athletes with tight hip flexors

49
Q

What is scoliosis?

A

lateral deviation of the vertebral column

50
Q

Describe the posterolateral herniation

A
  • nucleus pulposes pokes out of annulus fibrosis
  • fibrosus breaks down and extension of nucleus pulposus out of the anulus fibrosus=herniated disc
  • most common for nucleus pulposus to extrude in posterolateral direction
  • disc herniation impacts spinal nerves
  • spinal nerve out lower level gets the consequences of the pressure from the herniation
51
Q

List the six primary movements of the spine and discuss how the amount of motion differs between regions of the spine.

A
  • Extension, flexion, lateral flexion/extension, rotation of head and neck, rotation of upper trunk
  • flexion and extension: most at cervical spine and least at thoracic
  • axial rotation: a lot at cervical, hardly any at lumbar
  • lateral flexion: cervical spine very mobile
  • zygapophysial joint: position of articular processes will govern movement
52
Q

Describe zygapopphysial joint orientation

A

-Cervical 45: all movements
sup articular process= post sup
inf articular process= ant inf

-thoracic 60: not a lot of movements
sup artic process= posterior
inf artic process= anterior
articulations knock into eachother and restrict movement

-lumbar 90: flexion and extension
no rotation bc facets would knock into eachother
medial/lateral

53
Q

What are the superficial extrinsic back muscles?

A

trapezius
lats
levator scap
rhomboids

54
Q

What are the intermediate extrinsic back muscles?

A

serratus posterior inferior and superior

intercostal nerves

55
Q

What are the intrinsic superficial back muscles?

A

splenius capitis
splenius cervicis

dorsal rami of spinal nerves

56
Q

What are the intermediate intrinsic back muscles?

A

erector spinae

spinalis: thoracis, cervicis, [semi] capitis
longissimus: capitis, cervicis, thoracis

iliocostalis; cervicis, thoracis, lumborum

lateral branch or dorsal rami of spinal nerves

57
Q

what are the deep intrinsic back muscles?

A

transversospinales:

  • semispinalis; capitis, thoracis, cervicis
  • multifidus
  • rotatores: longus and brevis
  • interspinales
  • intertransversarii

dorsal rami of spinal nerves

58
Q

Serratus Posterior superior

A

ATTACHMENTS: from spinous process of C7-T3 to inferior borders of ribs 2-5

ACTIONS: proprioception of thoracic wall

INNVERATION: intercostal nerves T1-4

59
Q

Serratus Posterior inferior

A

ATTACHMENTS: spinous process of T11-L2 to inferior borders of ribs 9-12

ACTIONS: proprioception of thoracic wall

INNERVATION: intercostal nerves T9-12

Clinical Anatomy 2021 (11 decks)

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