Final Flashcards
Describe the location of peripheral nerves in the extremities and where they are susceptible to injury due to fracture
- Common fibular n = fibular fracture
- Sciatic n= post dislocation of hip
- Radial n= humeral shaft fracture
- Ulnar n= medial epicondyle fracture
- Axillary n= surgical n injury
- Median n= compression at wrist (carpal tunnel)
- Dorsal Scap n= medial border of scap fracture
- subclavian n= fracture to clavicle
- obturator= fracture at pubic bone
Describe the boundaries of the anatomical snuff box and its contents
Boundaries: Extensor Pollicis longus, abductor pollicis longus, abductor/extensor pollicis brevis
Contents: Scaphoid, radial artery, radial n, cephalic v
Describe the components of the cerebral arterial circle
ACA- Anterior cerebral artery ICA- internal carotid artery ant/post communicating aa PCA- posterior cerebral superior cerebellar AICA- anterior inferior cerebellar PICA- posterior inferior cerebellar etc etc etc
Identify the clinically relevant sites on dermatome maps of the extremities
C5: deltoid tuberosity
C6: thumb
C7: index finger
C8: pinky
T4: nipple
T6: Xiphoid process
T10: umbilicus
L4: big toe
L5: toes 2-4
S1: pinky toe
S2: heel
Describe the anatomical basis of mild deformities of the lower extremity
Coxa Vara + genu valgum:
- knock kneed
- shortens lower extremity
- reduces load on femoral head, increases load on neck
- anything less than 125 degrees
Coxa valga+ genu varum
- bowed legged
- lengthens lower extremity
- puts more load on femoral head, decreases load on neck
- anything greater than 125 degrees
Pigeon toed
- anterversion= increased angle
- internally rotated
- toeing in due to anterverted hip
Duck feet
- retroversion=decreased angle
- externally rotated
- toeing out due retroverted hip
Name the most common directions of joint dislocation
Radial head dislocation: extended and pronated elbow
muscle pulls radial head superiorly
subluxation of radial head out of anular ligament
Glenohumeral joint: MOST frequently dislocated. abducted position(falling), anterior dislocation
Hip joint: posterior dislocation
Explain the meningeal coverings of the central nervous system
Dura mater: most superficial & 2 layers: periosteal and meningeal
Subdural space: blood is venous
Arachnoid mater
Subarachnoid space: blood is arterial
Pia mater: follows every portion of the CNS
Describe the process of intervertebral disc herniation
- nucleus pulposes pokes out of annulus fibrosis
- fibrosus breaks down and extension of nucleus pulposus out of the anulus fibrosus=herniated disc
- most common for nucleus pulposus to extrude in posterolateral direction
- disc herniation impacts spinal nerves
- spinal nerve out lower level gets the consequences of the pressure from the herniation
Describe the surface anatomy of the lungs
R lung features: superior + inferior + middle lobe apex oblique fissure horizontal fissure Super vena cava Espohagous azygous vein heart
L lung features: lingula superior + inferior lobes apex oblique fissure aortic arch thoracic aorta esophagus heart lingula
Identify surface and internal features of the heart (surface)
Ascending aorta ligamentum arteriosum pulmonary trunk left auricle pericardium anterior interventricular sulcus cardiac apex inferior vena cava right ventricle coronary sulcus right atrium right auricle superior vena cava pulmonary veins coronary sinus left atrium, ventricle, auricle arch of aorta
Explain what structures are the remnants of fetal blood supply
- lungs are not fully developed, no respiration is happening
- pulmonary circulation can be bypassed to a large extent
- Ductus arteriosus>ligamentum arteriosum (pulmonary trunk to arch of aorta)
- Foramen Ovale> fossa ovalis (Right to left atrium)
- post birth, you will have closure of these structures that were formally patent
Explain blood flow through the heart
- SVC and IVC > R atrium
- through tricuspid valve > R ventricle
- through pulmonary valve >pulmonary trunk
- then, > pulmonary arteries > lung
- oxynegated in the lungs
- pulmonary veins > L atrium
- through the mitral valve, > L ventricle
- through the aortic valve, > ascending aorta, > arch of aorta, > throacic aorta
Identify the cutaneous nerve fields for the face and lower extremity
V1: apex of scalp, upper eyelid, anterior nose
V2: lower eyelid, upper lip, lateral nose
V3: mandible, extends into temple
inner thigh: obturator
lateral thigh: lateral cutaenous n of thigh
Anterior thigh: femoral
Posterior thigh: posterior cutaneous n of thigh
Medial leg: saphenous
lateral leg: sural
between first and second toe: deep fibular
lateral foot: lateral dorsal cutaenous n of foot
medial foot: superficial fibular
medial bottom of foot: medial plantar
lateral bottom of foot: lateral plantar
heel: medial calcaneal
Describe the shape of the articular surfaces (convex or concave) of bones participating in joints of the upper extremity
-clavicle (convex) + manubrium (concave)
-acromion (convex) + distal clavicle (concave)
-humeral head (convex) + glenoid fossa (concave)
olecronon (lat concave, middle convex) + trochlea of humerus (lat convex, middle concave)
-radial head (convex) + radial notch (concave)
-distal ulnar head (convex) + ulnar notch radius (concave)
Describe the organization of the thoracolumbar fascia
3 layers that work as a functional unit, all effect one another. increase in QL affects other layers. pulling of abs effects muscles of back
1: posterior- lats
2: middle- abomdinals
3: anterior- QL
