SPINAL CORD

Question 1

What are the two enlargements in the spinal cord

Answer 1

cervical enlargement

Lumbosacral enlargement

Question 2

The ___ innervates the upper limb

Answer 2

brachial plexus

Question 3

The ___ innervates the lower limb

Answer 3

lumbosacral plexus

Question 4

At what vertebral level does the spinal cord end

Answer 4

L1/L2

Question 5

Are vertebral level and spinal cord level the same

Answer 5

no

Question 6

Spinal nerves exit the spinal cord at ___

Answer 6

their respective vertebral level

Question 7

What tethers the spinal cord to the coccyx

Answer 7

cauda equina

Question 8

What tethers the spinal cord at every level

Answer 8

denticular ligaments

Question 9

What occurs to spinal cord in thoracic segment

Answer 9

anterior horns are much smaller - fewer motor neurons coming out here - only a few myotomes are only a couple core muscles

Question 10

What synapses in the lateral horn

Answer 10

visceral motor fibres

Question 11

What occurs to spinal cord in the lumbar segment

Answer 11

less white matter, because thoracic has motor and sensory tracts for whole body while lumbar is just lower body

Question 12

3 main functions of the spinal cord

Answer 12

• Conduit (pathways to and from the brainstem and cortex-white matter tracts)
• Reflexes
• Locomotion - Central pattern generators

Question 13

What is transmitted in fasciculus gracilis? where in the spinal cord is it?

Answer 13

Found in medial dorsal column. Transmits sensory - fine touch, proprioception) from ipsilateral lower limb

Question 14

What is transmitted in fasciculus cuneatus? where in the spinal cord is it?

Answer 14

Found in lateral dorsal column. Transmits sensory (fine touch, proprioception) from ipsilateral upper limb

Question 15

What is transmitted in spinocerebella tract? where in the spinal cord is it?

Answer 15

Found in posterior lateral column. Proprioception from limbs to cerebellum

Question 16

What is transmitted in lateral corticospinal tract? where in the spinal cord is it?

Answer 16

Found in medial lateral column. Motor to ipsilateral ventral horn - mostly limb musculature

Question 17

What is transmitted in Spinothalamic tract? where in the spinal cord is it?

Answer 17

Found in the anterior lateral horn. Transmits pain and temperature from contralateral side of the body

Question 18

What is transmitted in anterior corticospinal tract? where in the spinal cord is it?

Answer 18

Found in ventral column. Transmits motor to ipsi- and contralateral ventral horn mostly axial musculature

Question 19

Does the lateral or anterior corticospinal tract cross in the brainstem

Answer 19

lateral

Question 20

Where does the lateral corticospinal tract cross? What % of the corticospinal tract is this

Answer 20

in the medulla (pyramidal decussation) 80%

Question 21

Where does the anterior corticospinal tract cross? what % of the corticospinal tract is this

Answer 21

in spinal cord at anterior white commissure. 20% of fibres

Question 22

The corticospinal tract originates in the…

Answer 22

primary motor cortex

Question 23

Where in the brainstem do the corticospinal tract fibres travel

Answer 23

anterior brainstem

Question 24

What tract is primarily responsible for compensating for balance

Answer 24

vestibulospinal tracts

Question 25

How does the vestibulospinal tract compensatre for balance

Answer 25

It stabilizes neck musculature and innervates flexors and extensors of lower limb to withstand gravity

Question 26

what is muscle tone

Answer 26

continuous contraction, readiness of a muscle

Question 27

What determines muscle tone

Answer 27

activity of muscle spindles

Question 28

What is the function of the vestibulospinal tract

Answer 28

maintaining balance, postural control, muscle tone

Question 29

What is the function of the reticulospinal

Answer 29

postural control, muscle tone

Question 30

What is the function of the tectospinal tract

Answer 30

directing eyes and head&neck to object of interest

Question 31

What are central pattern generators

Answer 31

automated sequence of motor neuron activation to allow for locomotion: generation of repetitive cycles of flexor and extensor activation

Question 32

What are 2 ways that CPGs can respond to environmental cues

Answer 32

1. Proprioceptors regulate timing to stepping patterns | 2. Skin receptors allow for adaptation to obstacles

Question 33

Signals travel from bladder to where to signal that it is full

Answer 33

Cortex and Periaqueductal grey

Question 34

What is the role of the cortex in bladder control

Answer 34

sample environment to ensure appropriate setting. if appropriate, activates pontine micturition centre

Question 35

What does the pontine micturition centre do once activated by the cortex

Answer 35

inhibits sympathetics and somatic motor | Activates parasympathetic

Question 36

What is the result of the pontine micturition centre inhibiting sympathetics

Answer 36

Internal sphincter relaxation (in males)

Question 37

What is the result of the pontine micturition centre inhibiting somatic motor

Answer 37

relaxation of external sphincter

Question 38

What is the result of the pontine micturition centre activating parasympathetics

Answer 38

contraction of the detrusor muscle

Question 39

Is there cortical control of the bladder in infants

Answer 39

no

Question 40

What is the sacral reflex of bladder control

Answer 40

when the bladder is full to a certain point it will just contract the detrusor

Question 41

What is the problem encountered with the sacral reflex of bladder control

Answer 41

you are contracting against a closed sphincter - does not fully empty bladder

Question 42

At what level does the spinal cord end

Answer 42

L1-L2

Question 43

What is the epidural space filled with

Answer 43

Fat and venous plexus

Question 44

The denticulate ligaments separate...

Answer 44

the posterior and anterior roots

Question 45

What is the entry point for posterior roots carrying sensory information

Answer 45

posterolateral sulcus

Question 46

What is the exit point for anterior roots carrying motor information

Answer 46

Anterolateral sulcus

Question 47

Why do the cervical and lumbar regions have more gray matter

Answer 47

these regions innervate the limbs, motor neurons for all limb muscles are located at the levels as are snesory nerves

Question 48

Segmental arteries branch to form...

Answer 48

posterior/anterior radicular arteries and segmental medullary arteries

Question 49

Radicular arteries supply...

Answer 49

anterior/posterior spinal roots at each level

Question 50

Anterior spinal artery supplies the _____ | Posterior spinal artery supplies the ____

Answer 50

anterior 2/3 | posterior 1/3

Question 51

Visceral motor neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are located within ___ segments

Answer 51

T1-L2

Question 52

Visceral motor neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system are located within ___ segments

Answer 52

S2-S4 s