Brainstem

Question 1

What are the 3 areas of the brainstem

Answer 1

Midbrain, Pons, medulla

Question 2

Where is the cerebellum found in relation to the brainstem

Answer 2

Posterior to the pons and the 4th ventricle

Question 3

What are the ascending tracts in the brainstem

Answer 3

Anterolateral system
Posterior column-Medial
Lemniscus system
Spinocerebellar tracts

Question 4

What are the descending tracts of the brainstem

Answer 4

Corticospinal tracts

Corticobulbar tracts

Question 5

What is the connection from the brainstem to the cerebellum

Answer 5

from pontine nuclei

Question 6

What are the intrinsic systems of the brainstem

Answer 6

Reticular formation
Neurotransmitter systems
Central pattern generators

Question 7

What pathway are the inferior colliculi of the midbrain important for

Answer 7

auditory pathway

Question 8

What pathway are the superior colliculi of the midbrain important for

Answer 8

visual reflexes

Question 9

What are the cerebellar peduncles and where are they found

Answer 9

found in pons, bundles of fibres that connect the brainstem and the cerebellum

Question 10

What are the 3 cerebellar peduncles

Answer 10

The inferior, middle, and superior cerebellar peduncles

Question 11

What separates the fasciculus gracilis and the fasciculus cuneatus? what do they overlie?

Answer 11

a posterior median sulcus

Overlie the ascending posterior column tracts that carry sensory information

Question 12

What do the posterior column tracts carry sensory information regarding

Answer 12

proprioception, fine or discriminative touch and vibration

Question 13

The central canal opens into the fourth ventricles at the ____

Answer 13

obex

Question 14

Where is the brainstem do you find the cerebral peduncles?

Answer 14

anterior midbrain

Question 15

Where is the brainstem do you find the cerebellar peduncles

Answer 15

Anterior pons

Question 16

Where is the brainstem do you find the pyramids

Answer 16

anterior medulla

Question 17

where in the brainstem do you find the olives

Answer 17

anterior medulla

Question 18

Where is the brainstem do you find the anterior median fissure

Answer 18

anterior medulla betweeen the pyramids

Question 19

Where is the brainstem do you find the pyramidal decussation

Answer 19

anterior medulla

Question 20

Where is the brainstem do you find the Superio colliculus

Answer 20

posterior midbrain

Question 21

Where is the brainstem do you find the cerebellar peduncles

Answer 21

posterior pons

Question 22

Where is the brainstem do you find the trochlear nerve

Answer 22

posterior midbrain

Question 23

Where is the brainstem do you find the inferior colliculus

Answer 23

posterior midbrain

Question 24

Where is the brainstem do you find the 4th ventricle

Answer 24

posterior pons to the posterior medullar

Question 25

Where is the brainstem do you find the obex

Answer 25

posterior medulla

Question 26

How do you differentiate the rostral to the caudal medulla

Answer 26

rostral - open to 4th ventricle | Caudal - closed over CSF of 4th ventricle

Question 27

What is the area of the brainstem which sits above the 4th ventricle called?

Answer 27

the tectum

Question 28

What is the area of the brainstem which sits below the 4th ventricle called?

Answer 28

The tegmentum

Question 29

What is the area of the brainstem which sits below the tegmentum called?

Answer 29

the base

Question 30

CN I

Answer 30

Olfactory

Question 31

CN II

Answer 31

optic

Question 32

CN III

Answer 32

oculomotor

Question 33

CN IV

Answer 33

Trochlear

Question 34

CN V

Answer 34

Trigeminal

Question 35

CN VI

Answer 35

Abducens

Question 36

CN VII

Answer 36

Facial

Question 37

CN VIII

Answer 37

Vestibulocochlear

Question 38

CN IX

Answer 38

Glossopharyngeal

Question 39

CN X

Answer 39

Vagus

Question 40

CN XI

Answer 40

Accessory

Question 41

CNXII

Answer 41

Hypoglossal

Question 42

What is the function of the superior cerebellar peduncle

Answer 42

connects pons to cerebellum

Question 43

In the brainstem where are the motor nuclei vs the sensory nuclei

Answer 43

motor nuclei are near midline while sensory nuclei and more lateral

Question 44

FOr the motor nuclei, what is the order of the different nerve types from medial to lateral

Answer 44

``` Medial: general somatic efferent Special visceral efferent General visceral efferent Lateral ```

Question 45

Within the sensory nuclei what is the order of nerves from medial to lateral

Answer 45

``` Medial General visceral afferent Special visceral afferent General somatic afferent Special somatic afferent ```

Question 46

Why are the special nerves

Answer 46

not developped from somites

Question 47

What divides the medial motor nuclei from the lateral sensory nuclei

Answer 47

sulcus limitans

Question 48

What are special visceral afferents

Answer 48

taste

Question 49

What are special somatic afferents

Answer 49

Hearing + balance structures of inner hear

Question 50

Special visceral efferents originate from ____

Answer 50

pharyngeal arches

Question 51

general visceral efferents are...

Answer 51

parasympathetics

Question 52

Sensory afferents are derived from...

Answer 52

alar plate

Question 53

motor efferents are derived from _____

Answer 53

basal plate

Question 54

Special visceral efferents supply

Answer 54

skeletal muscle derived from brachial arches

Question 55

Most of the innervation to the motor nuclei of the brainstem is from _____ side of the cortex

Answer 55

both sides

Question 56

Where is the motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve

Answer 56

the pons

Question 57

Where is the motor nucleus of the facial nerve

Answer 57

pons

Question 58

Where is the hypoglassal nerve nucleus

Answer 58

medulla

Question 59

Where is the accessory nerve nucleus

Answer 59

cervical spinal cord

Question 60

Where is the nucleus ambiguus

Answer 60

medulla

Question 61

In the brainstem, what is located in the medial zone? in the lateral zone?

Answer 61

efferent and motor | afferent and sensory

Question 62

What is located in the raphe nuclei

Answer 62

serotonergic

Question 63

Which breathing centers are located in the medulla

Answer 63

those involved in modulating respiratory patterns | i.e. anterior and posterior respiratory group and nucleus solitarius

Question 64

What breathing centers are located in the upper spinal cord

Answer 64

Those active during inspiration and expiration - Phrenic nerve (for diaphragm) - Thoracic spinal nerves (for thoracic inspiratory and expiratory mucles)