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Neuroanatomy > Brainstem > Flashcards

Brainstem Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 areas of the brainstem

A

Midbrain, Pons, medulla

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2
Q

Where is the cerebellum found in relation to the brainstem

A

Posterior to the pons and the 4th ventricle

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3
Q

What are the ascending tracts in the brainstem

A

Anterolateral system
Posterior column-Medial
Lemniscus system
Spinocerebellar tracts

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4
Q

What are the descending tracts of the brainstem

A

Corticospinal tracts

Corticobulbar tracts

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5
Q

What is the connection from the brainstem to the cerebellum

A

from pontine nuclei

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6
Q

What are the intrinsic systems of the brainstem

A

Reticular formation
Neurotransmitter systems
Central pattern generators

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7
Q

What pathway are the inferior colliculi of the midbrain important for

A

auditory pathway

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8
Q

What pathway are the superior colliculi of the midbrain important for

A

visual reflexes

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9
Q

What are the cerebellar peduncles and where are they found

A

found in pons, bundles of fibres that connect the brainstem and the cerebellum

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10
Q

What are the 3 cerebellar peduncles

A

The inferior, middle, and superior cerebellar peduncles

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11
Q

What separates the fasciculus gracilis and the fasciculus cuneatus? what do they overlie?

A

a posterior median sulcus

Overlie the ascending posterior column tracts that carry sensory information

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12
Q

What do the posterior column tracts carry sensory information regarding

A

proprioception, fine or discriminative touch and vibration

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13
Q

The central canal opens into the fourth ventricles at the ____

A

obex

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14
Q

Where is the brainstem do you find the cerebral peduncles?

A

anterior midbrain

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15
Q

Where is the brainstem do you find the cerebellar peduncles

A

Anterior pons

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16
Q

Where is the brainstem do you find the pyramids

A

anterior medulla

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17
Q

where in the brainstem do you find the olives

A

anterior medulla

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18
Q

Where is the brainstem do you find the anterior median fissure

A

anterior medulla betweeen the pyramids

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19
Q

Where is the brainstem do you find the pyramidal decussation

A

anterior medulla

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20
Q

Where is the brainstem do you find the Superio colliculus

A

posterior midbrain

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21
Q

Where is the brainstem do you find the cerebellar peduncles

A

posterior pons

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22
Q

Where is the brainstem do you find the trochlear nerve

A

posterior midbrain

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23
Q

Where is the brainstem do you find the inferior colliculus

A

posterior midbrain

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24
Q

Where is the brainstem do you find the 4th ventricle

A

posterior pons to the posterior medullar

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25
Q

Where is the brainstem do you find the obex

A

posterior medulla

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26
Q

How do you differentiate the rostral to the caudal medulla

A

rostral - open to 4th ventricle

Caudal - closed over CSF of 4th ventricle

27
Q

What is the area of the brainstem which sits above the 4th ventricle called?

A

the tectum

28
Q

What is the area of the brainstem which sits below the 4th ventricle called?

A

The tegmentum

29
Q

What is the area of the brainstem which sits below the tegmentum called?

A

the base

30
Q

CN I

A

Olfactory

31
Q

CN II

A

optic

32
Q

CN III

A

oculomotor

33
Q

CN IV

A

Trochlear

34
Q

CN V

A

Trigeminal

35
Q

CN VI

A

Abducens

36
Q

CN VII

A

Facial

37
Q

CN VIII

A

Vestibulocochlear

38
Q

CN IX

A

Glossopharyngeal

39
Q

CN X

A

Vagus

40
Q

CN XI

A

Accessory

41
Q

CNXII

A

Hypoglossal

42
Q

What is the function of the superior cerebellar peduncle

A

connects pons to cerebellum

43
Q

In the brainstem where are the motor nuclei vs the sensory nuclei

A

motor nuclei are near midline while sensory nuclei and more lateral

44
Q

FOr the motor nuclei, what is the order of the different nerve types from medial to lateral

A 
Medial: 
general somatic efferent 
Special visceral efferent
General visceral efferent 
Lateral
45
Q

Within the sensory nuclei what is the order of nerves from medial to lateral

A 
Medial 
General visceral afferent 
Special visceral afferent 
General somatic afferent 
Special somatic afferent
46
Q

Why are the special nerves

A

not developped from somites

47
Q

What divides the medial motor nuclei from the lateral sensory nuclei

A

sulcus limitans

48
Q

What are special visceral afferents

A

taste

49
Q

What are special somatic afferents

A

Hearing + balance structures of inner hear

50
Q

Special visceral efferents originate from ____

A

pharyngeal arches

51
Q

general visceral efferents are…

A

parasympathetics

52
Q

Sensory afferents are derived from…

A

alar plate

53
Q

motor efferents are derived from _____

A

basal plate

54
Q

Special visceral efferents supply

A

skeletal muscle derived from brachial arches

55
Q

Most of the innervation to the motor nuclei of the brainstem is from _____ side of the cortex

A

both sides

56
Q

Where is the motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve

A

the pons

57
Q

Where is the motor nucleus of the facial nerve

A

pons

58
Q

Where is the hypoglassal nerve nucleus

A

medulla

59
Q

Where is the accessory nerve nucleus

A

cervical spinal cord

60
Q

Where is the nucleus ambiguus

A

medulla

61
Q

In the brainstem, what is located in the medial zone? in the lateral zone?

A

efferent and motor

afferent and sensory

62
Q

What is located in the raphe nuclei

A

serotonergic

63
Q

Which breathing centers are located in the medulla

A

those involved in modulating respiratory patterns

i.e. anterior and posterior respiratory group and nucleus solitarius

64
Q

What breathing centers are located in the upper spinal cord

A

Those active during inspiration and expiration

  • Phrenic nerve (for diaphragm)
  • Thoracic spinal nerves (for thoracic inspiratory and expiratory mucles)

Neuroanatomy (23 decks)

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