Spinal cord

Question 0

muscle synergy

Answer 0

coordinated muscular action

Question 1

reciprocal inhibition

Answer 1

the inhibition of antagonist muscles during agonist contraction
- achieved by interneurons in the spinal cord

Question 2

medially located pools in the spinal cord

Answer 2

innervate axial and girdle muscles

Question 3

laterally located pools in the spinal cord

Answer 3

innervate distal limb muscles

Question 4

posterior pools in the spinal cord

Answer 4

innervate flexor muscles

Question 5

anterior pools in the spinal cord

Answer 5

innervate extensor muscles

Question 6

phasic stretch reflex

Answer 6

response to the stimulus is brief

Question 7

tonic stretch reflex

Answer 7

response last as long as the stimulus

Question 8

myostatic reflex

Answer 8

same as phasic stretch reflex
–> from the muscle spindle(1a)–>dorsal horn–>ventral horn–>alpha motor neuron

• signal also goes to the cortex

Question 9

3 actions to facilitate a contraction

Answer 9

1) quick stretch
2) tapping muscle
3) reflex

Question 10

flexor withdrawal

Answer 10

occurs with you have a painful stimulus(hot stove)

• purpose is to pull the body away from painful stimulus to prevent tissue damage
• causes flexion
• nociceptive reflex

Question 11

crossed extensor

Answer 11

• purpose is to keep you away from painful stimulus after flexor withdrawal(stepping back, hopping)
• allow time to develop new strategy to stay away

Question 12

Lamina 1

Answer 12

marginal layer

- noxious stimuli

Question 13

Lamina 2

Answer 13

substantia gelatinosa

- noxious stimuli

Question 14

lamina 3 and 4

Answer 14

nucleus proprius

- proprioception and 2-point discrimination

Question 15

lamina 5

Answer 15

noxious stimuli and info about viscera

Question 16

lamina 6

Answer 16

proprioception info

Question 17

lamina 7

Answer 17

nucleus dorsalis or Clarke’s column

- proprioception and relays unconscious proprioception

Question 18

lamina 8

Answer 18

connect with the contralateral cord and brain

Question 19

lamina 9

Answer 19

contains cell bodies of LMN’s

Question 20

Lamina 10

Answer 20

axons crossing to the opposite side of the cord

Question 21

stepping pattern generators

Answer 21

stepping by activating LMN’s, eliciting alternating flexion and extension at the hips and knees

Question 22

reciprocal inhibition

Answer 22

decreases activity in an antagonist when an agonist is active

Question 23

recurrent inhibition

Answer 23

inhibition of agonists and synergists, with disinhibition of antagonists

Question 24

segmental lesion

Answer 24

interfere with neural function only at the level of the lesion

Question 25

vertical tract lesion

Answer 25

loss of function below the level of the lesion

Question 26

white matter lesion

Answer 26

affects everything below that level

Question 27

gray matter lesion

Answer 27

affects just that level

Question 28

cervical cord lesion

Answer 28

tetraplegia(quadraplegia)

- C5-T1 involvement of the arm

Question 29

lesion of the spinal cord below the cervical region

Answer 29

paraplegia(below T1)

- loss of motor or sensory to LE

Question 30

peripheral nerve lesion signs

Answer 30

1) altered or loss of sensation
2) decrease or loss of muscle power
3) no vertical tract signs

Question 31

segmental lesion signs

Answer 31

1) altered or lost sensation in a dermatome
2) decreased or lost muscle power in a myotome
3) decreased or lost sensation below the lesion

Question 32

spinal region vertical tract signs

Answer 32

1) altered or lost sensation below lesion
2) altered or lost descending control of BP, viscera, and thermoregulation
3) UMN’s signs

Question 33

anterior cord syndrome

Answer 33

interrupts ascending spinothalamic tracts and descending motor tracts

• pain and temp, voluntary movement, trunk control loss below lesion
• no loss of proprioception and discriminative touch(posterior cord)
• paraplegia, spastic paralysis, bilateral motor loss below lesion

Question 34

central cord syndrome

Answer 34

• no motor loss
• loss of pain and temp of arms(spinothalamic)
• just at level of injury

Question 35

syringomyelia

Answer 35

central canal swells

• disrupts pain and temp(crossing fibers) at the level of expansion(arms)
• progression will compress motor to lower limbs
• can be caused by a tumor

Question 36

Brown-Sequard syndrome

Answer 36

hemisection of the cord(affects dorsal column, lateral corticospinal, spinothalamic)

1) ipsilateral UMN signs below the level of lesion
2) ipsilateral loss of proprioception, 2-point discrimination, vibration(dorsal column)
3) contralateral loss of pain and temp
4) ipsilateral LMN at the level of lesion
5) ipsilateral cutaneous anesthesia at the segmental level

Question 37

Fredreich’s ataxia

Answer 37

genetic

• affects corticospinal tracts = no voluntary movement(spastic paralysis), no reflexes
• affects dorsal column
• affect spinocerebellar tracts = no unconscious proprioception

Question 38

cauda equina syndrome

Answer 38

damage to the lumbar and/or sacral spinal roots

- sensory impairment and flaccid paresis or paralysis of lower limb muscles, bladder, and bowels