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Neuroscience > Chapter 1 - Intro to Neuro > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Intro to Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

imaging techniques

A

Computed tomography(CT)
positron emission tomography(PET)
magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)

  • all computerized analysis
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2
Q

MRI

A

magnetic resonance imaging

1) blood oxygen level dependent(BOLD)
2) diffusion tensor imaging(DTI)
3) functional MRI(fMRI)

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3
Q

TMS

A

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

1) investigates the effects of stimulating a part of the brain
2) study the effects of briefly inactivating part of the brain without damaging the area or using invasive techniques

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4
Q

molecular neuroscience

A

studies the ionic exchanges required for a nerve cell to conduct information from one part of the nervous system to another and chemical transfer of information between nerve cells

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5
Q

cellular neuroscience

A

considers distinctions between different types of cells in the nervous system and how each cell type functions

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6
Q

systems neuroscience

A

investigates groups of neurons that perform a common function

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7
Q

behavioral neuroscience

A

looks at the interactions among systems that influence behavior

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8
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

covers the fields of thinking, learning, and memory

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9
Q

PET

A

Positron emission tomography

  • emissions from radioactive compounds injected into blood
  • used to assess blood flow, oxygen or glucose metabolism, receptor location
  • risks: radiation exposure
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10
Q

CT

A

Computed tomography

  • x-rays pass through body to detector and computer generates image
  • used for suspected strokes or increased intracranial pressure; detailed images of bone, fractures
  • risks: radiation exposure
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11
Q

BOLD MRI

A

Blood Oxygen Level Dependent MRI

  • magnetic fields and radio waves detect hydrogen ions
  • used for detailed images of soft tissues; detects tumors, infection, multiple sclerosis
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12
Q

DTI

A

Diffusion Tensor Imaging

  • magnetic fields and radio waves measure water diffusion in axons
  • used for detailed images of white matter tracts; traumatic brain injury, ischemic stroke
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13
Q

fMRI

A

Functional MRI

  • magnetic fields and radio waves measure changes in blood oxygenation
  • used for information about changes in blood flow that occur in a second or less
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14
Q

somatosensory system

A

conveys information from the skin and musculoskeletal system to areas of the brain

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15
Q

autonomic system

A

provides bidirectional communication between the brain and smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and gland cells

  • viscera
  • peripheral components = entire neurons, sensory endings, synapses, ganglia, and glia
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16
Q

somatic motor system

A

transmits information from the brain to skeletal muscles

-

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17
Q

PNS

A

peripheral nervous system

- all parts of the nervous system not encased in the vertebral column or skull

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18
Q

Spinal region

A

all parts of the nervous system encased in the vertebral column
- axons attached to the cord are within the spinal region until the axons exit the intervertebral foramen

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19
Q

Brainstem and cerebellar region

A
  • brainstem connects the spinal cord and the cerebral region

Brainstem = medulla, pons, and midbrain

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20
Q

Cerebral region

A

most massive part of the brain

  • cerebrum = the diencephalon and cerebral hemispheres
  • diencephalon = thalamus and hypothalamus
  • cerebral hemispheres = cerebral cortex, axons connecting the cortex and other parts of the nervous system, and deep nuclei
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21
Q

special sensory systems

A

connect with visual, auditory, vestibular, olfactory, and gustatory(taste) structures

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22
Q

white matter

A

composed of axons and myelin

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23
Q

a bundle of myelinated axons that travel together

A

tract, lemniscus, fasciculus, column, peduncle, or capsule

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24
Q

gray matter

A

primarily neuron cell bodies

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25
Q

ganglia

A

groups of cell bodies in the PNS

26
Q

Nuclei

A

groups of cell bodies in the CNS

27
Q

cortex

A

gray matter on the surface of the brain

28
Q

somatic nervous system

A

sensory and motor

- peripheral components = axons, sensory nerve endings, and glial cells

29
Q

Spinal cord functions

A

1) convey information between neurons innervating peripheral structures and the brain
2) process information
- reflexes

30
Q

brainstem

A
  • medulla, pons, and midbrain

- contains groups of neurons that control equilibrium, cardiovascular activity, respiration, and other functions

31
Q

medulla

A

continuous with the spinal

- olive, pyramid, and roots of 4 cranial nerves

32
Q

pons

A

large bulge anteriorly, containing fiber tracts and interspersed nuclei
- 4 cranial nerves attach

33
Q

midbrain

A

superior section of brainstem

  • anterior part: two cerebral peduncles consisting of fibers that descend from the cerebral cortex
  • dorsal part: tectum
    - two superior colliculi and two inferior colliculi
    - important for orientation to auditory and visual stimuli
  • 2 cranial nerves attach
34
Q

cranial nerves

A 
1(olfactory) = smell
2(optic) = vision
3(oculomotor) = moves pupil up, down, medially; raises upper eyelid; constricts pupil
4(trochlear) = moves pupil medially and down
5(trigeminal) = facial sensory; mastication; sensory from temporomandibular joint
6(abducens) = abducts pupil
7(facial) = facial expression; closes eyes; tears; salivation; taste
8(vestibulocochlear) = sensation of head position relative to gravity and head movement; hearing
9(glossopharyngeal) = swallowing; salivation; taste
10(vagus) = regulates viscera; swallowing; speech; taste
11(accessory) = elevates shoulders; turns head
12(hypoglossal) = moves tongue
35
Q

cerebellum

A

consists of two large cerebellar hemispheres and midline vermis

  • coordinates movements
  • hemispheres composed of cerebellar cortex on the surface, underlying white matter, and centrally located deep nuclei
36
Q

diencephalon

A

consists: thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus

37
Q

thalamus

A
  • relays information to the cerebral cortex
  • processes emotional and some memory information
  • integrates different types of sensations
  • regulates consciousness, arousal, and attention
38
Q

hypothalamus

A
  • maintains body temp, metabolic rate, and chemical composition of tissues and fluid within an optimal functional range
  • regulates eating, reproductive, defensive behaviors, expression of emotions, growth, and function of the reproductive organs
39
Q

epithalamus

A

consists primarily of the pineal gland

- influences the secretion of other endocrine glands(pituitary and adrenal)

40
Q

subthalamus

A

part of a neural circuit that controls movement

41
Q

six lobes of cerebral hemisphere

A

frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital
limbic - medial aspect of the cerebral hemisphere
insular - buried within the lateral sulcus(separate the temporal and frontal lobes)

42
Q

central sulcus

A

divides the frontal lobe and the parietal lobe

43
Q

parieto-occipital sulcus

A

boundary between the parietal lobe and the occipital lobe

44
Q

lateral sulcus

A

division between the temporal lobe and the frontal lobe

45
Q

cingulate sulcus

A

limbic lobe is bound by the cingulate sulcus and the margin of the parahippocampal gyrus

46
Q

cerebral cortex

A

composed of gray matter

  • processes sensory, motor, and memory information
  • site for reasoning, language, nonverbal communication, intelligence, and personality
47
Q

commisures

A

bundles of axons that convey information between the cortices of the left and right cerebral hemispheres
- corpus callosum = huge commisure that connects most areas of the cerebral cortex

48
Q

internal capsule

A

consists of axons that project from the cerebral cortex to subcortical structures and from subcortical structures to the cerebral cortex

49
Q

lenticular nucleus

A

the putamen and globus pallidus together

50
Q

corpus striatum

A

the caudate and the putamen together

51
Q

limbic system

A

involved with emotions and the processing of some types of memory

52
Q

meninges

A

membranous coverings of the brain and spinal cord

  • part of the cerebrospinal fluid system
  • from internal to external, consists of pia, arachnoid, and dura
53
Q

dural sinuses

A

return cerebrospinal fluid and venous blood to the jugular veins

54
Q

circle of willis

A

anastomotic ring of nine arteries, which supply all of the blood to the cerebral hemispheres

  • large arteries = anterior cerebral artery, internal carotid artery, posterior cerebral artery
  • anterior communicating artery joins anterior cerebral arteries
  • posterior communicating artery links the internal carotid with posterior cerebral artery
55
Q

incidence

A

proportion of a population that develops a new case of the disorder within a defined time period

56
Q

prevalence

A

current proportion of the population with the condition, including both old and new cases

57
Q

lesions

A

1) focal = limited to a single location
2) multifocal = limited to several nonsymmetric locations
3) diffuse = affects bilaterally symmetric structures but does not cross the midline as a single lesion

58
Q

acute

A

minutes or hours to maximal signs and symptoms

59
Q

subacute

A

progressing to maximal signs and symptoms over a few days

60
Q

chronic

A

gradual worsening of signs and symptoms continuing for weeks or years

Neuroscience (14 decks)

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