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Neuroscience > Chapter 1 - Intro to Neuro > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Intro to Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

imaging techniques

A

Computed tomography(CT)
positron emission tomography(PET)
magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)

  • all computerized analysis
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2
Q

MRI

A

magnetic resonance imaging

1) blood oxygen level dependent(BOLD)
2) diffusion tensor imaging(DTI)
3) functional MRI(fMRI)

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3
Q

TMS

A

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

1) investigates the effects of stimulating a part of the brain
2) study the effects of briefly inactivating part of the brain without damaging the area or using invasive techniques

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4
Q

molecular neuroscience

A

studies the ionic exchanges required for a nerve cell to conduct information from one part of the nervous system to another and chemical transfer of information between nerve cells

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5
Q

cellular neuroscience

A

considers distinctions between different types of cells in the nervous system and how each cell type functions

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6
Q

systems neuroscience

A

investigates groups of neurons that perform a common function

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7
Q

behavioral neuroscience

A

looks at the interactions among systems that influence behavior

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8
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

covers the fields of thinking, learning, and memory

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9
Q

PET

A

Positron emission tomography

  • emissions from radioactive compounds injected into blood
  • used to assess blood flow, oxygen or glucose metabolism, receptor location
  • risks: radiation exposure
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10
Q

CT

A

Computed tomography

  • x-rays pass through body to detector and computer generates image
  • used for suspected strokes or increased intracranial pressure; detailed images of bone, fractures
  • risks: radiation exposure
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11
Q

BOLD MRI

A

Blood Oxygen Level Dependent MRI

  • magnetic fields and radio waves detect hydrogen ions
  • used for detailed images of soft tissues; detects tumors, infection, multiple sclerosis
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12
Q

DTI

A

Diffusion Tensor Imaging

  • magnetic fields and radio waves measure water diffusion in axons
  • used for detailed images of white matter tracts; traumatic brain injury, ischemic stroke
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13
Q

fMRI

A

Functional MRI

  • magnetic fields and radio waves measure changes in blood oxygenation
  • used for information about changes in blood flow that occur in a second or less
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14
Q

somatosensory system

A

conveys information from the skin and musculoskeletal system to areas of the brain

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15
Q

autonomic system

A

provides bidirectional communication between the brain and smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and gland cells

  • viscera
  • peripheral components = entire neurons, sensory endings, synapses, ganglia, and glia
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16
Q

somatic motor system

A

transmits information from the brain to skeletal muscles

-

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17
Q

PNS

A

peripheral nervous system

- all parts of the nervous system not encased in the vertebral column or skull

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18
Q

Spinal region

A

all parts of the nervous system encased in the vertebral column
- axons attached to the cord are within the spinal region until the axons exit the intervertebral foramen

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19
Q

Brainstem and cerebellar region

A
  • brainstem connects the spinal cord and the cerebral region

Brainstem = medulla, pons, and midbrain

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20
Q

Cerebral region

A

most massive part of the brain

  • cerebrum = the diencephalon and cerebral hemispheres
  • diencephalon = thalamus and hypothalamus
  • cerebral hemispheres = cerebral cortex, axons connecting the cortex and other parts of the nervous system, and deep nuclei
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21
Q

special sensory systems

A

connect with visual, auditory, vestibular, olfactory, and gustatory(taste) structures

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22
Q

white matter

A

composed of axons and myelin

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23
Q

a bundle of myelinated axons that travel together

A

tract, lemniscus, fasciculus, column, peduncle, or capsule

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24
Q

gray matter

A

primarily neuron cell bodies

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25
ganglia
groups of cell bodies in the PNS
26
Nuclei
groups of cell bodies in the CNS
27
cortex
gray matter on the surface of the brain
28
somatic nervous system
sensory and motor | - peripheral components = axons, sensory nerve endings, and glial cells
29
Spinal cord functions
1) convey information between neurons innervating peripheral structures and the brain 2) process information - reflexes
30
brainstem
- medulla, pons, and midbrain | - contains groups of neurons that control equilibrium, cardiovascular activity, respiration, and other functions
31
medulla
continuous with the spinal | - olive, pyramid, and roots of 4 cranial nerves
32
pons
large bulge anteriorly, containing fiber tracts and interspersed nuclei - 4 cranial nerves attach
33
midbrain
superior section of brainstem - anterior part: two cerebral peduncles consisting of fibers that descend from the cerebral cortex - dorsal part: tectum - two superior colliculi and two inferior colliculi - important for orientation to auditory and visual stimuli - 2 cranial nerves attach
34
cranial nerves
``` 1(olfactory) = smell 2(optic) = vision 3(oculomotor) = moves pupil up, down, medially; raises upper eyelid; constricts pupil 4(trochlear) = moves pupil medially and down 5(trigeminal) = facial sensory; mastication; sensory from temporomandibular joint 6(abducens) = abducts pupil 7(facial) = facial expression; closes eyes; tears; salivation; taste 8(vestibulocochlear) = sensation of head position relative to gravity and head movement; hearing 9(glossopharyngeal) = swallowing; salivation; taste 10(vagus) = regulates viscera; swallowing; speech; taste 11(accessory) = elevates shoulders; turns head 12(hypoglossal) = moves tongue ```
35
cerebellum
consists of two large cerebellar hemispheres and midline vermis - coordinates movements - hemispheres composed of cerebellar cortex on the surface, underlying white matter, and centrally located deep nuclei
36
diencephalon
consists: thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus
37
thalamus
- relays information to the cerebral cortex - processes emotional and some memory information - integrates different types of sensations - regulates consciousness, arousal, and attention
38
hypothalamus
- maintains body temp, metabolic rate, and chemical composition of tissues and fluid within an optimal functional range - regulates eating, reproductive, defensive behaviors, expression of emotions, growth, and function of the reproductive organs
39
epithalamus
consists primarily of the pineal gland | - influences the secretion of other endocrine glands(pituitary and adrenal)
40
subthalamus
part of a neural circuit that controls movement
41
six lobes of cerebral hemisphere
frontal parietal temporal occipital limbic - medial aspect of the cerebral hemisphere insular - buried within the lateral sulcus(separate the temporal and frontal lobes)
42
central sulcus
divides the frontal lobe and the parietal lobe
43
parieto-occipital sulcus
boundary between the parietal lobe and the occipital lobe
44
lateral sulcus
division between the temporal lobe and the frontal lobe
45
cingulate sulcus
limbic lobe is bound by the cingulate sulcus and the margin of the parahippocampal gyrus
46
cerebral cortex
composed of gray matter - processes sensory, motor, and memory information - site for reasoning, language, nonverbal communication, intelligence, and personality
47
commisures
bundles of axons that convey information between the cortices of the left and right cerebral hemispheres - corpus callosum = huge commisure that connects most areas of the cerebral cortex
48
internal capsule
consists of axons that project from the cerebral cortex to subcortical structures and from subcortical structures to the cerebral cortex
49
lenticular nucleus
the putamen and globus pallidus together
50
corpus striatum
the caudate and the putamen together
51
limbic system
involved with emotions and the processing of some types of memory
52
meninges
membranous coverings of the brain and spinal cord - part of the cerebrospinal fluid system - from internal to external, consists of pia, arachnoid, and dura
53
dural sinuses
return cerebrospinal fluid and venous blood to the jugular veins
54
circle of willis
anastomotic ring of nine arteries, which supply all of the blood to the cerebral hemispheres - large arteries = anterior cerebral artery, internal carotid artery, posterior cerebral artery - anterior communicating artery joins anterior cerebral arteries - posterior communicating artery links the internal carotid with posterior cerebral artery
55
incidence
proportion of a population that develops a new case of the disorder within a defined time period
56
prevalence
current proportion of the population with the condition, including both old and new cases
57
lesions
1) focal = limited to a single location 2) multifocal = limited to several nonsymmetric locations 3) diffuse = affects bilaterally symmetric structures but does not cross the midline as a single lesion
58
acute
minutes or hours to maximal signs and symptoms
59
subacute
progressing to maximal signs and symptoms over a few days
60
chronic
gradual worsening of signs and symptoms continuing for weeks or years

Neuroscience (14 decks)

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