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Neuroscience > Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

anatomical basal ganglia

A

caudate nucleus + lentiform nucleus + claustrum + amygdala

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2
Q

physiological basal ganglia

A

caudate nucleus + lentiform nucleus + subthalamus + substantia nigra

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3
Q

Neostriatum(striatum)

A

putamen + caudate nucleus

- input component of the basal ganglia

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4
Q

paleostriatum(pallidum)

A

globus pallidus

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5
Q

lentiform nucleus

A

globus pallidus + putamen

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6
Q

corpus striatum

A

caudate nucleus + lentiform nucleus(globus pallidus + putamen)

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7
Q

caudate nucleus

A

C-shaped(close to the lateral ventricle)

  • head, body, tail
  • works with putamen closely
  • input nucleus of basal ganglia
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8
Q

putamen

A

input of basal ganglia

- lateral to internal capsule

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9
Q

globus pallidus

A

medial and inferior to putamen

1) internal = primary output for basal ganglia
2) external = interacts with subthalamus

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10
Q

pars reticulata

A

output for basal ganglia

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11
Q

pars compacta

A

dopamine is made and stored

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12
Q

direct loop of basal ganglia

A

cortex-(+)->striatum-(-)->globus pallidus-(-)->thalamus-(+)->cortex

  • corticospinal
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13
Q

indirect loop of the basal ganglia

A

cortex-(+)->striatum-(-)->globus pallidus-(-)->subthalamus-(+)->globus pallidus-(-)->thalamus-(+)->cortex

  • rubrospinal, tectospinal, reticulospinal, vestibulospinal
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14
Q

akinesia

A

unable to move

  • trouble initiating movement(esp. thresholds and turns)
  • motor pattern exists, but trouble initiating
  • rigid trunk
  • short steps with no trunk movement
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15
Q

Basal ganglia Direct Motor loop

A

CTX –> corticostriate(+) –> striatum(caudate putamen) –> striopallidal(-) –> pallidum(globus pallidus) –> thalamic fasc.(-) –> thalamus –> (+) –> CTX

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16
Q

Basal ganglia Indirect motor loop

A

CTX –> corticostriate(+) –> striatum(caudate putamen) –> striopallidal(-) –> pallico-subthalamic(-) –> subthalamus –> subthalamic fasc.(+) –> pallidum(globus pallidus) –> thalamic fasc.(-) –> thalamus –> (+) –> CTX

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17
Q

4 signs of parkinson’s

A 
TRAP
T = tremor(often 1st sign)
R = rigidity
A = akinesia(bradykinesia)
P = postural disturbances
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18
Q

Huntington’s Chorea

A

autosommal recessive disease

  • problem in the basal ganglia
  • overactivation of putamen –> inhibits globus pallidus –> excites pedunculopontine –> involuntary movement of voluntary muscles
  • show symptoms in 3rd or 4th decade of life
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19
Q

lesions in globus pallidus

A

athetosis

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20
Q

athetosis

A

slow writhing movements

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21
Q

lesions in the subthalamus

A

hemiballismus

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22
Q

hemiballismus

A

flinging of entire limb(involuntary movement)

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23
Q

lesions in putamen

A

choreiform movements

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24
Q

choreiform movements

A

brisk and purposeless movements

25
Q

possible cause for Parkinson’s for younger pt’s

A

exposure to drugs

26
Q

possible cause for Parkinson’s for older pt’s

A

exposure to free radicals

27
Q

Parkinson’s cause

A

degeneration of substantia nigra and pedunculopontine

28
Q

Neuro of Parkinson’s

A

subthalamus excites globus pallidus which inhibits pedunculopontine and the midbrain which causes rigidity(LMN’s) and decreased walking patterns

29
Q

Basal ganglia connection #1

A

CTX –> corticostriate(+) –> striatum(caudate putamen) –> striopallidal(-) –> pallidum(globus pallidus) –> thalamic fasc.(-) –> thalamus –> (+) –> CTX

30
Q

Basal ganglia connection #2

A

CTX –> corticostriate(+) –> striatum(caudate putamen) –> striopallidal(-) –> pallico-subthalamic(-) –> subthalamus –> subthalamic fasc.(+) –> pallidum(globus pallidus) –> thalamic fasc.(-) –> thalamus –> (+) –> CTX

31
Q

4 signs of parkinson’s

A 
TRAP
T = tremor(often 1st sign)
R = rigidity
A = akinesia(bradykinesia)
P = postural disturbances
32
Q

Huntington’s Chorea

A

autosommal dominant disease

  • problem in the basal ganglia
  • overactivation of putamen –> inhibits globus pallidus –> excites pedunculopontine –> involuntary movement of voluntary muscles
  • show symptoms in 3rd or 4th decade of life
33
Q

lesions in globus pallidus

A

athetosis

34
Q

athetosis

A

slow writhing movements

35
Q

lesions in the subthalamus

A

hemiballismus

36
Q

hemiballismus

A

flinging of entire limb(involuntary movement)

37
Q

lesions in putamen

A

choreiform movements

38
Q

choreiform movements

A

brisk and purposeless movements

39
Q

possible cause for Parkinson’s for younger pt’s

A

exposure to drugs

40
Q

possible cause for Parkinson’s for older pt’s

A

exposure to free radicals

41
Q

Parkinson’s cause

A

degeneration of substantia nigra and pedunculopontine

42
Q

Neuro of Parkinson’s

A

subthalamus excites globus pallidus which inhibits pedunculopontine and the midbrain which causes rigidity(LMN’s) and decreased walking patterns

43
Q

Nuclei in the basal ganglia

A 
caudate
putamen
globus pallidus
subthalamic nucleus
substantia nigra
44
Q

output of the basal ganglia motor circuit

A
  • regulates muscle contraction
  • muscle force
  • multi-joint movements
  • sequencing of the movements via pathways
45
Q

Basal ganglia to voluntary movement

A

BG -(-)–> motor thalamus -(+)–> motor cortex -(+)–> corticospinal tracts -(+)–> LMN’s -(+)–> Voluntary muscles

46
Q

Basal ganglia to postural

A

BG -(-)–> ventrolateral Pedunculopontine nucleus(brainstem) -(-)–> reticulospinal tracts -(+)–> LMN’s -(+)–> Postural and girdle muscles

47
Q

Basal ganglia walking

A

BG -(-)–> midbrain locomotor region -(+)–> reticulospinal tracts -(+)–> stepping pattern generators -(+)–> LMN’s -(+)–> walking

48
Q

globus pallidus

A

output of the basal ganglia motor circuit

- inhibits motor thalamus, PPN, and midbrain locomotor region

49
Q

subthalamic nucleus

A

processes information within the basal ganglia circuit

50
Q

putamen

A

receives input from premotor and motor cortex

51
Q

motor loop

A

1) cortex = motor and premotor cortex
2) BG = putamen and globus pallidus
3) thalamus = ventral lateral

52
Q

executive loop

A

1) cortex = dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
2) BG = caudate and globus pallidus
3) thalamus = ventral anterior

53
Q

behavior flexibility and control loop

A

1) cortex = ventrolateral prefrontal and lateral orbital cortex
2) BG = caudate and substantia nigra reticularis
3) thalamus = mediodorsal

54
Q

limbic loop

A

1) cortex = medial orbital and medial prefrontal cortex
2) BG = striatum and pallidum
3) thalamus = mediodorsal

55
Q

affects of direct circuit(loop)

A

too little excitation = bradykinesia
too much excitation = tremors and rigidity
- opposite of indirect

56
Q

affects of indirect pathway

A

overexcitation = bradykinesia
too little excitation = tremors and rigidity
- opposite direct

57
Q

pathways to direct circuit

A

corticospinal tract

58
Q

pathways to indirect circuit

A

rubrospinal, tectospinal, reticulospinal(2), vestibulospinal(2)

Neuroscience (14 decks)

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