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Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

anatomical basal ganglia

A

caudate nucleus + lentiform nucleus + claustrum + amygdala

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2
Q

physiological basal ganglia

A

caudate nucleus + lentiform nucleus + subthalamus + substantia nigra

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3
Q

Neostriatum(striatum)

A

putamen + caudate nucleus

- input component of the basal ganglia

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4
Q

paleostriatum(pallidum)

A

globus pallidus

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5
Q

lentiform nucleus

A

globus pallidus + putamen

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6
Q

corpus striatum

A

caudate nucleus + lentiform nucleus(globus pallidus + putamen)

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7
Q

caudate nucleus

A

C-shaped(close to the lateral ventricle)

  • head, body, tail
  • works with putamen closely
  • input nucleus of basal ganglia
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8
Q

putamen

A

input of basal ganglia

- lateral to internal capsule

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9
Q

globus pallidus

A

medial and inferior to putamen

1) internal = primary output for basal ganglia
2) external = interacts with subthalamus

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10
Q

pars reticulata

A

output for basal ganglia

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11
Q

pars compacta

A

dopamine is made and stored

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12
Q

direct loop of basal ganglia

A

cortex-(+)->striatum-(-)->globus pallidus-(-)->thalamus-(+)->cortex

  • corticospinal
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13
Q

indirect loop of the basal ganglia

A

cortex-(+)->striatum-(-)->globus pallidus-(-)->subthalamus-(+)->globus pallidus-(-)->thalamus-(+)->cortex

  • rubrospinal, tectospinal, reticulospinal, vestibulospinal
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14
Q

akinesia

A

unable to move

  • trouble initiating movement(esp. thresholds and turns)
  • motor pattern exists, but trouble initiating
  • rigid trunk
  • short steps with no trunk movement
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15
Q

Basal ganglia Direct Motor loop

A

CTX –> corticostriate(+) –> striatum(caudate putamen) –> striopallidal(-) –> pallidum(globus pallidus) –> thalamic fasc.(-) –> thalamus –> (+) –> CTX

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16
Q

Basal ganglia Indirect motor loop

A

CTX –> corticostriate(+) –> striatum(caudate putamen) –> striopallidal(-) –> pallico-subthalamic(-) –> subthalamus –> subthalamic fasc.(+) –> pallidum(globus pallidus) –> thalamic fasc.(-) –> thalamus –> (+) –> CTX

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17
Q

4 signs of parkinson’s

A 
TRAP
T = tremor(often 1st sign)
R = rigidity
A = akinesia(bradykinesia)
P = postural disturbances
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18
Q

Huntington’s Chorea

A

autosommal recessive disease

  • problem in the basal ganglia
  • overactivation of putamen –> inhibits globus pallidus –> excites pedunculopontine –> involuntary movement of voluntary muscles
  • show symptoms in 3rd or 4th decade of life
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19
Q

lesions in globus pallidus

A

athetosis

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20
Q

athetosis

A

slow writhing movements

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21
Q

lesions in the subthalamus

A

hemiballismus

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22
Q

hemiballismus

A

flinging of entire limb(involuntary movement)

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23
Q

lesions in putamen

A

choreiform movements

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24
Q

choreiform movements

A

brisk and purposeless movements

25
possible cause for Parkinson's for younger pt's
exposure to drugs
26
possible cause for Parkinson's for older pt's
exposure to free radicals
27
Parkinson's cause
degeneration of substantia nigra and pedunculopontine
28
Neuro of Parkinson's
subthalamus excites globus pallidus which inhibits pedunculopontine and the midbrain which causes rigidity(LMN's) and decreased walking patterns
29
Basal ganglia connection #1
CTX --> corticostriate(+) --> striatum(caudate putamen) --> striopallidal(-) --> pallidum(globus pallidus) --> thalamic fasc.(-) --> thalamus --> (+) --> CTX
30
Basal ganglia connection #2
CTX --> corticostriate(+) --> striatum(caudate putamen) --> striopallidal(-) --> pallico-subthalamic(-) --> subthalamus --> subthalamic fasc.(+) --> pallidum(globus pallidus) --> thalamic fasc.(-) --> thalamus --> (+) --> CTX
31
4 signs of parkinson's
``` TRAP T = tremor(often 1st sign) R = rigidity A = akinesia(bradykinesia) P = postural disturbances ```
32
Huntington's Chorea
autosommal dominant disease - problem in the basal ganglia - overactivation of putamen --> inhibits globus pallidus --> excites pedunculopontine --> involuntary movement of voluntary muscles - show symptoms in 3rd or 4th decade of life
33
lesions in globus pallidus
athetosis
34
athetosis
slow writhing movements
35
lesions in the subthalamus
hemiballismus
36
hemiballismus
flinging of entire limb(involuntary movement)
37
lesions in putamen
choreiform movements
38
choreiform movements
brisk and purposeless movements
39
possible cause for Parkinson's for younger pt's
exposure to drugs
40
possible cause for Parkinson's for older pt's
exposure to free radicals
41
Parkinson's cause
degeneration of substantia nigra and pedunculopontine
42
Neuro of Parkinson's
subthalamus excites globus pallidus which inhibits pedunculopontine and the midbrain which causes rigidity(LMN's) and decreased walking patterns
43
Nuclei in the basal ganglia
``` caudate putamen globus pallidus subthalamic nucleus substantia nigra ```
44
output of the basal ganglia motor circuit
- regulates muscle contraction - muscle force - multi-joint movements - sequencing of the movements via pathways
45
Basal ganglia to voluntary movement
BG -(-)--> motor thalamus -(+)--> motor cortex -(+)--> corticospinal tracts -(+)--> LMN's -(+)--> Voluntary muscles
46
Basal ganglia to postural
BG -(-)--> ventrolateral Pedunculopontine nucleus(brainstem) -(-)--> reticulospinal tracts -(+)--> LMN's -(+)--> Postural and girdle muscles
47
Basal ganglia walking
BG -(-)--> midbrain locomotor region -(+)--> reticulospinal tracts -(+)--> stepping pattern generators -(+)--> LMN's -(+)--> walking
48
globus pallidus
output of the basal ganglia motor circuit | - inhibits motor thalamus, PPN, and midbrain locomotor region
49
subthalamic nucleus
processes information within the basal ganglia circuit
50
putamen
receives input from premotor and motor cortex
51
motor loop
1) cortex = motor and premotor cortex 2) BG = putamen and globus pallidus 3) thalamus = ventral lateral
52
executive loop
1) cortex = dorsolateral prefrontal cortex 2) BG = caudate and globus pallidus 3) thalamus = ventral anterior
53
behavior flexibility and control loop
1) cortex = ventrolateral prefrontal and lateral orbital cortex 2) BG = caudate and substantia nigra reticularis 3) thalamus = mediodorsal
54
limbic loop
1) cortex = medial orbital and medial prefrontal cortex 2) BG = striatum and pallidum 3) thalamus = mediodorsal
55
affects of direct circuit(loop)
too little excitation = bradykinesia too much excitation = tremors and rigidity - opposite of indirect
56
affects of indirect pathway
overexcitation = bradykinesia too little excitation = tremors and rigidity - opposite direct
57
pathways to direct circuit
corticospinal tract
58
pathways to indirect circuit
rubrospinal, tectospinal, reticulospinal(2), vestibulospinal(2)

Neuroscience (14 decks)

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