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Neuroscience > Chapter 5 - Development > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Development Flashcards

1
Q

Pre-embryonic stage

A
  • conception to day 14

- fertilization in ovum

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2
Q

blastocyst

A
  • pre-embryonic stage
  • solid sphere of cells with cavity inside
  • when cavity forms in fertilized egg
  • outer layer will become fetal contribution of placenta
  • inner cells will become embryo(embryonic disk)
  • implants into the endometrium of the uterus
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3
Q

embryonic disk

A

2 layers:

1) ectoderm
2) endoderm

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4
Q

embryonic stage

A

Day 15 to eighth week

- organs are formed

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5
Q

ectoderm

A

sensory organs, epidermis, nervous system

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6
Q

mesoderm

A

dermis, muscles, skeleton, excretory and circulatory

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7
Q

endoderm

A

gut, liver, pancreas, respiratory

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8
Q

Fetal

A

9th week to birth

- nervous system develops and myelination begins

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9
Q

Neural plate

A

longitudinal thickening of ectoderm

- forms on the surface of embryo(head to tail)

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10
Q

Neural fold

A

edges of the plate fold toward each other

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11
Q

Neural tube

A

formed when neural folds touch(day 21)

  • first closes in cervical region
    - rostrally –> caudally
  • neuropores = openings of the tube
  • superior neuropore closes = day 27
  • inferior neuropore closes = day 30
  • neural tube(day 26):
    1) marginal layer(outer) = white matter(axons and glial cells)
    2) mantle layer(inner) = cell bodies and gray matter
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12
Q

Neural crest

A

adjacent cells that separate from tube and remaining ectoderm
- tube and crest go inside embryo and covered by ectoderm(epidermal skin)

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13
Q

schlerotome

A

anteromedial part of somites

- vertebrae and skull

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14
Q

myotome

A

posteromedial part

- muscles

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15
Q

dermatome

A

lateral part

- dermis

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16
Q

ventral section

A

motor plate –> ventral horn

  • axons from cell bodies –> myotome
  • myotome:
    1) embryologic section of somite
    2) group of muscles innervated by nerve
    • cell bodies in dorsal root ganglia
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17
Q

conus medullaris

A

end of the spinal cord(L1 to L2)

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18
Q

conus equina

A

lumbosacral nerve roots extending inferior to end of spinal cord

19
Q

filum terminale

A

end of dura, pia, and glia

20
Q

hindbrain

A 
myelencephalon = lower section
metencephalon = upper section
  • medulla, pons, cerebellum
21
Q

midbrain

A

connects 3rd and 4th ventricles

22
Q

forebrain

A

diencephalon = thalamus and hypothalamus
midline cavity –> third ventricle
telencephalon = anterior part(cerebral hemispheres)
central cavity –> lateral ventricles
- hemispheres expand ventrolaterally –> temporal lobe
- C-shaped

23
Q

neurons migrate by

A

1) sending process to brain surface and follow process

2) climb along radial glia

24
Q

glia

A

long cells that stretch from center of brain to surface

25
Q

growth cone

A

forward end process that samples environment

26
Q

neuronal death

A

failed to make optimal connections or too inactive

27
Q

myelin sheath

A

insulation for axons

  • lipids and proteins
  • begins fetal month 4 –> 3rd year of life
28
Q

growing into deficit

A

nervous system damage that occurred earlier is not evident until damaged system would normally become functional

29
Q

Nervous system disorders

A

CNS most susceptible from day 14 –> week 20

30
Q

Anencephaly

A

Neural tube defect

  • formation of brain stem without cerebral and cerebellar hemisphere(die before birth)
  • cranial end of tube does not close and no forebrain
  • detected by:
    1) maternal blood 2) amniotic fluid 3) ultrasound
  • causes:
    1) chromosome abnormalities 2) maternal nutrition deficiencies 3) hyperthermia
31
Q

Arnold-Chiari malformation

A

deformity of hindbrain

- type 1 and 2

32
Q

Type 1 Arnold-chiari malformation

A

herniation of cerebellar tonsils through foramen magnum

  • mostly no symptoms
  • if symptoms, in adolescence, head and neck pain
    • hydrocephalus = excess of CSF
      • sensory and motor disorders
      • malformation of lower cranial nerves
33
Q

Type 2 Arnold-chiari malformation

A

malformation of brainstem and cerebellum

  • extension of medulla and cerebellum through foramen magnum
  • associated with meningomyelocele = nonclosure of neural tube
34
Q

Spina bifida

A

inferior neuropore does not close

  • vertebrae do not close around tube = bony defect at distal end of tube
  • maternal nutritional deficits
35
Q

spina bifida cystica

A

meninges and spinal cord through posterior opening of vertebrae
3 types:
meningocele, meningomyelocele, myeloschisis

36
Q

Meningocele

A

meninges through posterior opening

37
Q

meningomyelocele

A

neural tissue with meninges protruding outside of the body

  • abnormal growth of spinal cord
  • LE dysfunction
  • cognitive dysfunction(abstract, visual, visual-motor)
38
Q

myoloschisis

A

neural folds do not close

- malformed spinal cord open to surface

39
Q

Tethered spinal cord

A

spinal cord adheres to lower vertebrae causing traction
- dermatome and myotome deficits in LE
- pain in saddle region
signs:
- progressive LE weakness, deterioration in walking, back and leg pain, excessive muscle resistance to stretch, scoliosis, foot deformity

40
Q

spinal muscular atrophy

A 
autosomal recessive disorder
- motor neurons with cell bodies in spinal cord degenerate
Type 1(most severe)
Type 2(intermediate)
Type 3(less severe)
41
Q

Forebrain malformation

A

1 cerebral hemisphere instead of 2

  • facial abnormalities
  • holoprosencephaly(genetic)
  • genetic testing and ultrasound
42
Q

Intellectual Disability

A

abnormalities of dendritic spines

43
Q

cerebral palsy

A

movement and postural disorder caused by damage to developing brain
- types: spastic, dyskinetic, ataxic, hypotonic, mixed

Neuroscience (14 decks)

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