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Neuroscience > Chapter 3 - Sensory Receptors/Pain Theories > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Sensory Receptors/Pain Theories Flashcards

1
Q

Touch

A

1) superficial pressure = crude touch or light touch
2) vibration
3) discriminative touch

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2
Q

discriminative touch

A

what is being touched or manipulation

  • have to have an intact parietal lobe to distinguish
    1) two-point
    2) stereognosis
    3) graphesthesia
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3
Q

two-point touch

A

ability to discriminate between two different points

  • 2mm for finger tips
  • 4-7cm on back
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4
Q

stereognosis

A

ability to identify an object by touch

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5
Q

graphesthesia

A

ability to identify things written on skin

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6
Q

Proprioception

A

muscle and joint receptors

  • some from skin receptors
    1) stretch of muscles
    2) tension of tendons
    3) position of joints
    4) sense of passive movement
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7
Q

How information is conveyed

A

1) receptors encode the stimulus into receptor potentials(pseudounipolar neuron)
2) if exceeds threshold will have an action potential
3) conducted along the peripheral nerve to a cell body in the dorsal root ganglion and then into the spinal cord(dorsal horn of spinal cord)
4) then the information ascends to the cortex
- other part goes to brain to process heat and pain
- can go back through ventral horn and produce a motor effect(touching a hot stove)

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8
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

mechanical deformation(indention in skin)

  • fires initially but does not continue to fire, if object is not moving
    1) touch
    2) pressure
    3) stretch
    4) vibration
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9
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

responds to chemical released by cells

- pain

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10
Q

thermoreceptors

A

respond to warmth and cool

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11
Q

nociceptors

A

cause pain

- extreme high and low temps

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12
Q

Slowly adapting receptors

A

Tonic

  • static or slow
  • responds as long as stimulus is maintained
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13
Q

Rapidly adapting receptors

A

Phasic

  • dynamic or rapid
  • adapt to constant stimulus and stop firing
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14
Q

Classification of axons

A 
speed of transmission and place it projects
1) 1a(130 m/sec)
2) 2a(120 m/sec)
3) II (AB) (90 m/sec)
4) As(45 m/sec)
5) C(2 m/sec)
1&2 fastest
4&5 slowest
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15
Q

Type 1 joint receptor

A

Ruffini = slowly adapting(constant)

  • located in superficial capsule
  • discharge altered by posture, motion, muscle tension changes
  • can inhibit pain
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16
Q

Type 2 joint receptors

A

large pacinian-type cluster(rapidly adapting)

  • located in deep capsule
  • inactive when joint immobile
  • discharge altered by active and passive motion of joint
17
Q

Type 3 joint receptor

A

ligament receptor

  • large, thinly encapsulated end organs(Golgi-like)
  • short and at end of ROM
  • located in surface of joint ligaments(slowly adapting)
  • sense tension and are active at extremes of joint motion
  • dynamic sensation
  • reflex inhibition of muscle tone at end of ROM
18
Q

Type 4a joint receptor

A

plexiform, lattice-like receptor

  • located in entire thickness of joint capsule but not in muscle and nerve tissue
  • nociceptor, non-adapting
  • evokes pain sensation when heat or stretch
19
Q

Type 4b joint receptor

A

free nerve endings

  • located in all joint capsules, ligaments and fat pads
  • dull aching pain or burning sensation when provoked
20
Q

Fine touch

A

carried in the CNS in the dorsal columns/medial lemniscus to the thalamus

21
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles

A

light touch or vibration(superficial)

  • stroking or fluttering feel
  • rapidly adapting(steady state = no firing)
22
Q

Merkel’s disks

A

pressure or texture(superficial)

- slowly adapting

23
Q

hair follicle receptors

A

from hair displacement(superficial)

- rapidly adapting

24
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A

touch and vibration(deep)

- tuning fork response

25
Q

Ruffini’s corpuscles

A

stretching of skin(deep)

- allows us to feel edges of objects

26
Q

receptor fields

A

Rapid superficial = Meissner’s and Hair follicle
Slow superficial = Merkel’s
Rapid Deep = Pacinian
Slow Deep = Ruffini’s

27
Q

Course touch

A

carried in the CNS in the spinothalamic system or anterolateral system

  • pleasant touch or pressure and sensations of tickle and itch
  • free nerve endings
28
Q

Nociceptors

A

pain

  • fibers are As and C, carried in the CNS in the spinothalamic system and anterolateral system
  • free nerve endings
29
Q

Thermal receptors

A

temperature

  • fibers are As and C, carried in the CNS in the spinothalamic system or anterolateral system
  • free nerve endings
30
Q

nociception

A

refers to the reception of signals in the CNS evoked by activation of specialized sensory receptors(nociceptors) that provide information about tissue damage

31
Q

pain

A

the perception of an aversive or unpleasant sensation that originates from a specific region of the body

32
Q

Types of pain

A

1) fast, localized
- neospinothalamic pain pathway(As)
- emerges right when injury occurs
2) slow, aching pain
- paleospinothalamic pain pathway(C)
- usually lasts longer
- buring, throbbing, sometimes nauseous

33
Q

pain pathways

A

1) neospinothalamic pathway(As) - fast and localized
2) paleospinothalamic pathway(C) - slow and aching pain
3) spinomesoencephalon pathway - to midbrain(periaqueductal gray)
4) spinoreticular pathway - runs along entire length of brain stem
- Raphe nuclei and locus ceruleus receive pain information

34
Q

analgesic system

A

1) periaqueductal gray - stimulating can abolish pain
2) Raphe magnus nucleus - release serotonin to release enkephalin in dorsal horn to suppress pain
3) pain inhibitory complex
4) chemicals
- enkephalin
- serotonin

35
Q

Gate control theory

A

stimulation of A-beta afferents results in the blocking of impulses(closing of the gate) carried along the pain fibers

36
Q

Central biasing theory

A

descending pathways synapse in the dorsolateral part of the spinal cord on pain fibers results in a blocking of the impulses carried along the pain fibers
- peraqueducatal gray and raphe nuclei

37
Q

endogenous opiod model

A

stimulation of pain fibers causes the release of endogenous opiods(beta endorphins)

38
Q

counter irritant theory

A

enkaphalins

- inhibition of nociceptive signals by stimulation of non-nociceptive receptors occurs in the dorsal horn

Neuroscience (14 decks)

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