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DMSO Physics 2 > SPI Review 4 > Flashcards

SPI Review 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

odd field are written by the elctron beam, then the even feild are written, this is called

A

interlaced display

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2
Q

how long does it take to create one display feild

A

1/60th of a sec

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3
Q

on typical tv a complete image is created in _____ and the frame rate is ______

A

1/30th of a sec

30Hz

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4
Q

only 2 choices, white or black, on or off, high contrast narrow dynamic range, poor contrast res

A

bistable

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5
Q

many levels of brightness, the assignment of diff gray shades for each echo amplitude, diff colors represent diff signal strengths, low contrast, wide dynamic range, improved contrast res

A

gray scale

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6
Q

determines the brilliance of the signals displayed

A

brightness

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7
Q

determines the range of brilliancies that are displayed, bistable images are high contrast

A

contrast

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8
Q

controls

A

brightness

contrast

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9
Q

real world, a variable attains a continuum of values

A

analog

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10
Q

computer world, a variable attains only discete values

A

digital

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11
Q

“the numbers”

A

digital image data

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12
Q

the smallest element of a digital picture

A

pixel

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13
Q

the greater the pixel density the greater the detail in the imaged, this is called

A

spatial detail resolution

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14
Q

spatial res of a crt is determined by

A

the number of tv lines per frame

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15
Q

a group of __ is assigned to each pixel to store the gray scale color assigned to that ____

A

bit

pixel

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16
Q

the more bits per pixel, the more shades of gray and the better the _______

A

contrast resolution

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17
Q

the smallest amount of digital storage, a group of bits, a series of 1 and 0

A

binary digit

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18
Q

a bit is _____ it has a value of either 0 or 1

A

bistable

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19
Q

a group of 8 bits

A

a byte

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20
Q

2 bytes =

A

16 bits

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21
Q

binary numbers are based on

A

2

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22
Q

decimal numbers are based on

A

10

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23
Q

how to calculate the number of gray shades that a collection of bits can represent

A

find out how many bits are assigned to each pixel

x the number 2 by itself the same number of times as there are bits

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24
Q

the number of gray shades displayed by

A

“n” bits is 2n

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25
Q

what is the number of shades that can be represented by 10 bits

A

2 to the 10th

1024

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26
Q

preprocessing

A 
log compression
fill in interpolation
spatial compouding
TGC
write magnification
persistant time gain?
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27
Q

related to the ability of humans to see the gray scale diff in anatomic structures, lower the high level echoes and boosts the low level echoes. the image dattas dynamic range is reduced

A

log compression

pre processing, controlled by sonographer

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28
Q

performed on frozen images

A

post processing

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29
Q

electrical signals from the transducer are ____ and must be converted into _______

A

analog

digital form

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30
Q

occurs after the image data is in the scan converter, is not re scanned and reads only part of the old data from the original image

A

read magnification

when the size of an image increases, if the number of pixels is unchanged, pixel size increases **

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31
Q

occurs upon acquisition of the US reflections, preprocessing, system re scans region of interest

A

write magnification

when the size of an image increases, if pixel size is unchanged, the number of pixels increase***

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32
Q

improves image detail (spatial res) by filling in the missing data

A

fill in interpolation

example, the edges of a circular structure will be better defined**

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33
Q

scan lines are steered by the transducer in diff directions so structures are interrogated by more than one pulse

A

spatial compounding

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34
Q

in spatial compounding

A

speckle and clutter are reduced

spatial res is iimproved

temp res and frame rate are reduced

shadows are reduced or eliminated

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35
Q

only _____ ______ trans use spatial compounding since they are steered ______

A

phased array

electronically

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36
Q

in spatial compounding the frames are ______ improving ____ __ _____ _____

A

averaged

signal to noise ratio

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37
Q

the averaging of previous frames to the displayed image, adds a “history” to the current image

A

persistence aka temporal averaging

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38
Q

persistence good for

A

smoother image

reduces noise

stationary or slow miving structures

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39
Q

edge enhancement is used for

A

emphasize the boundary between diff tissues and distinguish interfaces between structures w diff gray scale characterisitic

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40
Q

the ratio of the largest to smallest signal strength that each component processes

A

dynamic range

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41
Q

the dynamic range of the display indicates the number of

A

gray shades

42
Q

narrow dynamic range

A

few choices
bistable (Black and white)

high contrast

43
Q

wide dynamic range

A

many choices

gray scale

low contrast

44
Q

units for dynamic range

A

dB, a relatice measurement

45
Q

the dynamic range of a signal ____ the more it is processed

A

decreases

46
Q

transducers dynamic range is the ____ of all the systems components

A

greatest

47
Q

the ___ _____ has the lowest dynamic range

A

recording device

48
Q

PACS stands for

A

picture archiving and communications system

49
Q

combines magnetic and laser technology

A

magneto optical

50
Q

digital imaging and communications in medicine provides standards for medical imaging networks

A

DICOM

51
Q

fluid moving at a constant speed or velocity

A

steady flow

52
Q

fluid miving with a variable velocity, accelerates and decelerates, results from cardiac contraction

A

pulsatile flow

53
Q

normal pulsatile flow

A

60/min

54
Q

fluid moving with a variable velocity, accelerates and decelerates, results from respiration

A

phasic flow

55
Q

normal phasic flow

A

15/min

56
Q

the volume of a moving fluid, how much

A

flow

57
Q

the speed or swiftness of moving fluid, how fast

A

velocity

58
Q

_____ flow may have parabolic or plug patterns

A

laminar

59
Q

layers travel at individual speeds with _______ flow

A

parabolic flow

60
Q

in parabolic flow the speed is the highest at the

A

center of the lumen

61
Q

flow found in normal physiologic states

A

laminar

62
Q

small regions of laminar flow will have _____ _____ and _____ _______ ______

A

similar velocities and narrow doppler specta

63
Q

chaotic flow in many directions and speeds

A

turbulents flow

64
Q

turbulent flow is associated with

A

cardiovascular pathology and increased velocities

65
Q

small regions of turbulent flow have vastly different volovitites

A

dopper spectral broadeneing

66
Q

flow energy is lost and converted to

A

sound-murmurs or bruits

vibrations-thrill

67
Q

a swirling pattern of rotational flow

A

vortex

68
Q

eddy currents are

A

turbulent flow

69
Q

turbulence may be identified as

A

spectral broadening

70
Q

a unitless number indicating whether flow is laminar or turbulent

A

reynolds number

71
Q

reynolds number for turbulent flow

A

> 2,000

72
Q

reynolds number for laminar flow

A
73
Q

blood flows when the total fluid energy at one location differs from the total fluid energy at another location, this is called

A

energy gradient

74
Q

energy associated with moving objects

A

kinetic energy

75
Q

a form of potential or stored energy that has the ability to perform work

A

pressure energy

76
Q

energy is imparted to blood by the contraction of the _____ _____ called ______

A

left ventricle

systole

77
Q

three forms of energy loss

A

frictional loss

viscous loss

inertial loss

78
Q

the conversion of other forms of energy into heat

A

friction

ex. blood sliding across vessel walls

79
Q

describes the thickness of fluid

A

viscosity

units poise**

80
Q

causes increased blood viscosity

A

thick fluid

increased hematocrit or hemoglobin (polythemia or erythrocytosis)

81
Q

relates to the tendency of a fluid to resist changes in it velocity, objects at rest tend to stay at rest

A

inertia (inertial loss)

82
Q

inertial loss results from

A

pulsatile flow, both acceleration and deceleration

velocity changes at a stenosis

83
Q

a narrowing or irregularity in a lumen

A

stenosis

84
Q

stenosis causes

A

changes in flow direction

increased velocity in the stenosis

turbulence at exit

pressure gradient accross the stenosis

arterial flow loses its pulatile nature and becomes more continuous

85
Q

highest velocity at the point of max narrowing, pressure is the lowest here

A

bernoullis principle

86
Q

factors that determine resistence

A

radious of lumen (most imiportant)

length

viscosity of fluid

87
Q

the weight of the blood pressing on the vessel from heart level to the point of measurement

A

hydrostatic pressure

88
Q

pressure measured is greater than circulatory pressure cause hydrostatic pressure is positive

A

below the heart

89
Q

pressure measured is less than circulatory pressure because hydrostatic pressure is negative

A

above the heart

90
Q

there is no column of blood pressing on the vessels of the body, hydrostatic pressure is 0 at all locations

A

supine position

pressures measured are true circulatory pressures

91
Q

standing position

hand extended above heart the pressure is

A

50mmHg

92
Q

standing

head pressure is

A

30mmHg

93
Q

heart level pressure while standiing

A

0mmHg

94
Q

at anke pressure is while standing

A

100mmHg

95
Q

while standing pressure at the knee is

A

75mmHg

96
Q

calculate pressure measurement

A

subtract hydrostatic from systolic pressure

97
Q

vessel collapse, when opposing vessels walls touch each other, when blood pressure is 0mmHg

A

coaptation

98
Q

during inspiration the diaphragm

A

diaphragm presses into abd

99
Q

during expiration the diaphragm

A

diaphragm presses into thorax

100
Q

during inspiration

A

abd pressure increases

venous flow in legs decrease

pressure in thorax decreases

venous return to the heart increases (arms and abd into the thorax)

101
Q

during expiration

A

abd pressure decreases

venous flow in legs increases

thorax pressure increases

venous return to the heart decreases (arms and abd into the thorax)

DMSO Physics 2 (26 decks)

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