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DMSO Physics 2 > FInal part I > Flashcards

FInal part I Flashcards

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1
Q
  1. 25 million Hz, another way to write it?
A

2.5 x 10 ^ 7 or 25MHz

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2
Q
  1. What do we call a sound that is below the audible range?
A

Infrasound

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3
Q
  1. Know about which items are determined by the sound source
A

Frequency, Period, amplitude, intensity, power

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4
Q
  1. Which would be determined by medium and sound
A

Wavelength

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5
Q
  1. Determined only by the medium?
A

Propagation speed

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6
Q
  1. Acoustic variables?
A

Density, Distance, Pressure

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7
Q
  1. Going to have some choices for frequency and which ones has the longest wave length
A

Lowest frequency has the longest wavelength.

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8
Q
  1. If the intensity remains the same, the power is doubled, what happens to beam area?
A

Doubles. I = P/A

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9
Q
  1. What term describes the start of the pulse to the end of the pulse?
A

Pulse duration

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10
Q
  1. What kind of scale has dB, mathematical representation?
A

Logarithmic, relative scale that requires two intensities.

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11
Q
  1. Every 3 dB means the intensity will do what?
A

Double

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12
Q
  1. Initial intensity is less than normal intensity the gain is what?
A

Positive

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13
Q
  1. Rayleigh scattering is related to?
A

Frequency to the 4th.

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14
Q
  1. In soft tissue, attenuation coefficient is directly related to what?
A

Frequency

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15
Q
  1. Lots of questions on attenuation and speed? Which media will have the greatest attenuation and which doesn’t
A

Air>bone>muscle >soft tissue>blood>water

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16
Q
  1. 2 PZT, same material, thicker will make a pulse transducer with?
A

Lower frequency and slower speeds

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17
Q
  1. PZT exceeds the curie point what happens to the PZT?
A

Depolarization

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18
Q
  1. What are the other names for PZT
A

Ceramic,active element, crystal, lead zirconate titanate

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19
Q
  1. Which component of the transducer reduces the ringing of the pulse?
A

Backing material

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20
Q
  1. Which crystal will produce sound with the lowest frequency?
A

Thicker

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21
Q
  1. Damping material improves what resolution?
A

Longitudinal resolution page 126 question 9 on the Q and A (Harley S.)

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22
Q
  1. Damping material improves what resolution?
A

Longitudinal resolution page 126 question 9 on the Q and Q (Harley S.)

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23
Q
  1. If the frequency of the electrical citation of the voltage in a pulsed wave transducer is 6 hertz, what is the operating frequency of the transducer?
A

In pulsed wave transducers, the frequency of sound is not determined by the electrical signal.

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24
Q
  1. Impedance of a transducer of the active element is … rayls, to the skin is …. Rayls, what would be the acceptable matching layer?
A

Between the PZT and skin.

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25
Q

24.. Which transducer component has a thin barrier of cork or rubber and isolates the internal components from the transducers case

A

Acoustic Insulator (JL p 115)

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26
Q
  1. Which component of trans increases the efficiency of sound energy transfer of the active element in the body
A

Maching layer

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27
Q
  1. Frequency and near zone length are related in what way?
A

directly

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28
Q
  1. Two trans have the same diameter the first probe has a 6Mhz frequency and second has 8Mhz freq which beam will have a shallower focus
A

6 MHz, smaller diameter, lower frequency

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29
Q
  1. Which of the following probes will create a beam with the least divergence
A

. For least divergence we will see larger diameter crystals and higher frequency p 140 box

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30
Q
  1. Which probe will have more divergence
A

A probe that has a smaller diameter crystal and a low frequency will create more divergence pg 140 box

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31
Q
  1. What determines the freq of sound created by a pulsed wave transducer?
A

The active element the speed of sound in PZT and the thickness of the PZT

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32
Q
  1. What determines the focal length of sound beam
A

The characteristics of the active element, transducer diameter and the freq of sound

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33
Q
  1. Which of the transducer has the best lateral resolution in the far field
A

Larger diameter crystals improve lateral resolution in the far field p 139

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34
Q
  1. Sound beam is created by round PZT of diameter of 10mm the focal depth is 8cm what diameter is the sound beam at the depth of 8cm
A

a. 5mm the diameter is half at the focal depth of 8. Because it is in the middle p 134

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35
Q
  1. Lateral resolution need to know the other names for it which ones belong and which ones
A

lateral angular transverse auimuthal. It is the ability to distinctly identify two structures that are very close together when they are side by side. P 151

36
Q
  1. Lateral resolution is what to the beam?
A

Perpendicular p 151

37
Q
  1. Know about characteristics of lateral resolution
A

a. –is determined by width of the sound beam narrower beams have better resolution. Is best at foucus where beam is narrowest Lateral resolution= beam diameter.

38
Q
  1. Several different methods are used to describe us beam intensity these different methods important in what kind of studies?
A

Study of bioeffects p 70

39
Q
  1. When reporting a beams intensity at the location where it is maximum is referred to as what
A

spatial peak intensity pg 70

40
Q
  1. What are units for intensity
A

W/cm2

41
Q
  1. What is measured where intensity is max and averaged over transit time
A

Sppa spatial peak pulse average. P73

42
Q
  1. Intensity is maximum and average over all time, transmit and receive?
A

Spta spatial peak temporal average p 73

43
Q
  1. Which intensity is measure over the entire cross-section of crossbeam and time?
A

Sata spatial average temporal average p 73

44
Q
  1. All of the terms that mean the same as normal incidence?
A

PORN perpendicular orthogonal right angle nighty degrees p 91

45
Q
  1. What is the sound beam before it hits the boundary?
A

Incident intensity p 92

46
Q
  1. The portion of the incident intensity after striking the boundary continues on what is that called?
A

Transmitted intensity p 92

47
Q
  1. The half value layer thickness depends on which factors
A

medium and the frequency of sound p87

48
Q
  1. If we have normal incidence that means that the sound beam strikes the boundary at how many degrees
A

90 degrees see question 38 p 91

49
Q
  1. Sound waves with an intensity with 50 w/cm2, strikes back completely, what is the intensity reflection coefficient?
A

100percent p 94 Q2

50
Q
  1. Sound wave strikes the same intensity 50 wcm2 totally reflected what is the reflected intensity?
A

50w/cm^2

51
Q
  1. If the intensity reflection coefficient 99.9%, what percent is transmitted into the body?
A

.1 p99

52
Q
  1. W normal incidence reflection depends upon different what? What do you have to have normal incidence
A

Impedance difference between the two media on either side of a boundary p 98

53
Q
  1. What type of incidence do we not know anything about?
A

Oblique

54
Q
  1. Specular reflections arise when the interface is what?
A

Smooth

55
Q
  1. 2 waves travel through the medium at the same time and arrive at the same time what event takes place
A

Interference

56
Q
  1. Which will create fastest speed of sound?
A

Thinner PZT, higher frequency

57
Q
  1. Transmission with a bend is what?
A

Refraction

58
Q
  1. If we have oblique incidence and different speeds, what will occur?
A

Refraction p 103

59
Q
  1. What does snells law describe?
A

Refraction

60
Q
  1. Sound waves strike a boundary at normal incidence the impedance of the media are identical what percent of the sound wave is refracted
A

None will reflect reflections don’t happen if no impedance difference p95

61
Q
  1. 2 waves travel through the medium at the same time and arrive at the same time what event takes place
A

interference

62
Q
  1. Which will create fastest speed of sound?
A

Thinner PZT, higher frequency

63
Q
  1. 3MHz through 2 medium, attenuation 5 dB in a, 6db in b, what is the total attenuation of the sound beam as it travel through both media?
A

11dB

64
Q
  1. Which are of the following are considered contributors to attenuation and which is the most important of those contributors
A

Reflection scattering and absorption p 81

Absorption p 84
65
Q
  1. As path length increases and attenuation coefficient in soft tissue does what as well
A

remains the same (JL p 89 #13)

66
Q
  1. Attenuation in soft tissue is less than which of the following?
A

Which attenuates more than soft tissue … muscle bone lung and air p 86

67
Q
  1. Impedance is a characteristic of what?
A

Reflection p 88

68
Q
  1. Reflections occur if only the 2 medium at the boundary have different what?
A

impedances p 96 from Q&A

69
Q
  1. Low freq trans is best at imaging what type of structures
A

deep

70
Q

q68. Ability to distinguish to objects close together is what?

A

When parallel its axial when side by side its lateral

resolution

71
Q
  1. Which of the following is the best to image the thyroid
A

High freq probe 7-9 Mhz

72
Q
  1. What is the best estimate for attenuation coefficient for sound traveling in soft tissue
A

One half the frequency p 85 atten coef = freq /2

73
Q
  1. Attenuation is determined by what 2 factors
A

Path length and frequency of sound p 80

74
Q
  1. Know what contributes to attenuation
A

Reflection, scattering and absorption (JL p81)

75
Q
  1. When a boundary is rough the reflected sound is disorganized and random what is that called
A

Diffuse or backscatter

76
Q
  1. Time of flight is known, what else can you determine?
A

We can know the reflector depth and the total distance traveled p 108

77
Q
  1. When one reflector is 2X as deep as the other reflector, time of flight for deeper reflector?
A

twice as long

78
Q
  1. Sound wave is created by transducer, reflection off and returns, 10 cm depth, 2 sec time
A

10cm

20cm (time of flight)/ 2s = 10cm
JL ESP bottom of 52

79
Q
  1. Time needed for a pulse to travel from a transducer to the reflector is called a what?
A

Go return time and or time of flight p 107

80
Q
  1. Sound wave is created by transducer, reflection returns is 52microseconds, reflector depth?
A

4cm p 108

81
Q
  1. Max imaging depth is 4 cm, go to 8 cm, what happens to PRP?
A

It gets longer p 109

82
Q
  1. Freq increases the numerical value of LARD res does what?
A

decrease

83
Q
  1. Go return is 39 microsecondss, total distance traveled?
A

a. 6cm p 108

84
Q
  1. Axial res deals with structures that are what to the sound beam
A

Parallel

85
Q
  1. 2 different transducer different pulse, 5 MHz, which will more likely to create better image in regards to axial resolution
A

Similar Question #10, pg 150

86
Q
  1. Conservation of energy
A

Pg 97, 99

87
Q
  1. Which one has less biological effects focus or unfocus
A

Focus

DMSO Physics 2 (26 decks)

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